The Impact of Dry Yeast Rehydrated in Different Plasma Treated Waters (PTWs) on Fermentation Process and Quality of Beer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Plasma Treated Water under Air Atmosphere (PTWAir)
2.2.2. Plasma Treated Water under Nitrogen (PTWN)
2.2.3. Beer production
Milling, Mashing and Lautering
Boiling
Rehydration of Dry Yeast
Fermentation Trials
2.3. Analytical Determinations
2.3.1. The International Bitterness Unit (IBU)
2.3.2. Ethanol, Real and Apparent Extract
2.3.3. Ethanol Yield
2.3.4. The pH of the Obtained Wort and Beer
2.3.5. The Colour of the Obtained Wort and Beer
2.3.6. Free Amino Nitrogen (FAN)
2.3.7. Volatile Compound Analysis SPME-GC/FID
2.3.8. Organic Acid Analysis
2.3.9. Content and Profile of Sugars
2.3.10. Determination of Metal Ions
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Fermentation Dynamics
3.2. Ethanol, Real Extract, Apparent Extract and Apparent Degree of Fermentation
3.3. Amount of Biomass
3.4. Colour, pH and FAN
3.5. Ion Content
3.6. Sugars and Organic Acids
3.7. Volatile Compounds
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Original Gravity [°P] | IBU | pH | Colour [EBC] | FAN [mg/L] | Ca2+ [mg/L] | Zn2+ [mg/L] | Mg2+ [mg/L] | Fructose [g/L] | Glucose [g/L] | Saccharose [g/L] | Maltose [g/L] | Citric Acid [g/L] | Malic Acid [g/L] | Succinic Acid [g/L] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11.9 ± 0.09 | 26 ± 0.04 | 5.75 ± 0.02 | 14.3 ± 1.09 | 191 ± 31.36 | 21.6 ± 2.42 | 0.91 ± 0.17 | 93.7 ± 15.9 | 8.92 ± 1.17 | 7.74 ± 0.74 | 5.12 ± 0.46 | 37.1 ± 3.51 | 3.5 ± 2.48 | 2.7 ± 1.03 | 1.3 ± 0.21 | |
Analytical Determinations | 2.3.1. | 2.3.4. | 2.3.5. | 2.3.6. | 2.3.10. | 2.3.9. | 2.3.8. |
Parameters | Ethanol [% v/v] | Real Extract [% w/w] | Apparent Extract [% w/w] | Ethanol Yield [g/g] | Amount of Biomass [g of Dry Mass/dm] | Colour [EBC Units] | pH | FAN [mg/L] | Mg [mg/L] | Ca [mg/L] | Zn [mg/L] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew US-05 | PTWAir | 5.33 a ± 0.02 | 4.12 ba ± 0.01 | 2.20 a ± 0.01 | 53.6 a ± 0.29 | 2.77 a ± 0.48 | 5.62 a ± 0.71 | 4.24 b ± 0.04 | 44.8 a ± 7.39 | 65.1 a ± 2.52 | 17.4 a ± 2.49 | 0.00 c ± 0.00 |
PTWN | 5.26 a ± 0.03 | 4.10 a ± 0.02 | 2.19 a ± 0.02 | 52.9 a ± 0.59 | 1.69 b ± 0.1 | 6.67 b ± 0.35 | 4.29 b ± 0.01 | 52.6 a ± 5.21 | 62.8 a ± 4.00 | 16.8 ab ± 1.72 | 0.14 a ± 0.19 | |
CW | 5.35 a ± 0.05 | 4.17 b ± 0.03 | 2.24 a ± 0.01 | 54.2 a ± 0.81 | 2.75 a ± 0.68 | 6.81 b ± 0.08 | 4.26 b ± 0.02 | 51.9 a ± 6.64 | 71.8 b ± 2.39 | 22.4 a ± 2.03 | 0.27 a ± 0.08 | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew T58 | PTWAir | 4.69 b ± 0.04 | 4.55 c ± 0.04 | 2.86 b ± 0.03 | 49.5 c ± 0.67 | 2.46 c ± 0.53 | 7.87 b ± 0.38 | 4.65 a ± 0.03 | 73.1 b ± 13.05 | 85.8 b ± 2.87 | 17.7 a ± 3.23 | 0.09 a ± 0.05 |
PTWN | 4.66 b ± 0.03 | 4.61 d ± 0.09 | 2.92 c ± 0.09 | 49.3 c ± 0.68 | 1.54 d ± 0.49 | 7.22 b ± 0.55 | 4.56 a ± 0.04 | 77.2 b ± 8.18 | 75.7 b ± 4.54 | 20.8 a ± 1.78 | 0.29 a ± 0.17 | |
CW | 4.78 c ± 0.04 | 4.50 c ± 0.05 | 2.76 b ± 0.06 | 50.5 d ± 0.38 | 2.16 c ± 0.28 | 8.12 c ± 1.34 | 4.64 a ± 0.02 | 72.7 b ± 8.54 | 78.8 b ± 4.54 | 21.9 a ± 3.92 | 0.04 c ± 0.03 | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew S33 | PTWAir | 4.38 f ± 0.01 | 5.32 e ± 0.02 | 3.75 d ± 0.02 | 51.8 f ± 0.62 | 2.38 a ± 0.27 | 8.57 c ± 0.22 | 4.59 a ± 0.06 | 61.4 a ± 6.96 | 75.0 b ± 1.85 | 16.9 ab ± 0.38 | 0.43 ab ± 0.02 |
PTWN | 4.30 f ± 0.01 | 5.31 e ± 0.02 | 3.73 d ± 0.04 | 51.8 f ± 0.14 | 1.15 b ± 0.30 | 8.95 c ± 0.06 | 4.59 a ± 0.01 | 66.2 a ± 4.83 | 80.4 b ± 4.87 | 20.6 a ± 1.1 | 0.18 ab ± 0.11 | |
CW | 4.38 f ± 0.04 | 5.30 f ± 0.02 | 3.71 d ± 0.03 | 51.9 f ± 0.41 | 2.76 a ± 0.21 | 9.20 c ± 1.3 | 4.58 a ± 0.01 | 59.2 a ± 8.13 | 74.8 b ± 14.2 | 16.9 ab ± 1.59 | 0.36 ab ± 0.04 | |
Saccharomyces pastorianus Saflager W34/70 | PTWAir | 4.79 c ± 0.06 | 4.38 c ± 0.11 | 2.67 b ± 0.15 | 49.6 c ± 1.67 | 1.95 e ± 0.19 | 7.95 b ± 1.24 | 4.63 a ± 0.08 | 136 c ± 7.99 | 80.5 c ± 9.33 | 21.7 a ± 2.24 | 0.64 b ± 0.05 |
PTWN | 4.51 b ± 0.08 | 4.66 d ± 0.13 | 3.00 c ± 0.16 | 48.8 e ± 0.15 | 0.76 f ± 0.06 | 6.32 a ± 0.2 | 4.56 a ± 0.01 | 155 c ± 12.9 | 72.9 bc ± 1.98 | 18.1 a ± 1.29 | 0.59 b ± 0.07 | |
CW | 4.77 c ± 0.03 | 4.39 c ± 0.13 | 2.66 b ± 0.13 | 49.6 c ± 1.07 | 2.21 e ± 0.08 | 6.22 a ± 0.31 | 4.59 a ± 0.03 | 150 c ± 3.34 | 70.5 bc ± 3.32 | 17.6 a ± 0.67 | 0.47 b ± 0.02 | |
Significance | Strain | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | *** | ns | ** |
Water | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
Strain × Water | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | ** | *** | ** | ** |
Parameters | Maltose [g/L] | Fructose [g/L] | Glucose [g/L] | Saccharose [g/L] | Glycerol [g/L] | Acetic Acid [g/L] | Lacid Acid [g/L] | Malic Acid [g/L] | Citric Acid [g/L] | Succinic Acid [g/L] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew US-05 | PTWAir | 0.51 a ± 0.36 | 6.54 c ± 0.15 | 1.94 acd ± 0.07 | 1.36 abe ± 0.03 | 5.49 a ± 1.01 | 0.08 a ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.12 c ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.03 a ± 0.00 |
PTWN | 1.78 c ± 0.21 | 4.81 b ± 0.07 | 2.73 be ± 0.21 | 1.31 abe ± 0.87 | 4.42 b ± 0.11 | 0.09 ab ± 0.003 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.09 bc ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.03 a ± 0.01 | |
CW | 0.06 a ± 0.01 | 2.43 a ± 0.04 | 2.37 ab ± 0.44 | 0.15 c ± 0.13 | 5.55 a ± 0.43 | 0.07 ab ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.09 b ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 a ± 0.00 | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew T58 | PTWAir | 0.07 a ± 0.02 | 6.91 c ± 0.85 | 3.69 f ± 0.05 | 1.07 ade ± 1.3 | ND ± 0.00 | 0.11 ab ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 a ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.01 bc ± 0.01 |
PTWN | 0.06 a ± 0.01 | 8.74 d ± 0.45 | 2.59 abe ± 0.06 | 0.38 cd ± 0.23 | ND ± 0.00 | 0.08 ab ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.02 a ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.03 a ± 0.01 | |
CW | 1.62 c ± 0.39 | 6.81 c ± 0.34 | 3.10 ef ± 0.67 | 3.09 f ± 0.02 | ND ± 0.00 | 0.11 ab ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.02 a ± 0.00 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.04 c ± 0.01 | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew S33 | PTWAir | 0.26 ab ± 0.20 | 3.28 b ± 0.91 | 0.06 g ± 0.00 | 1.68 ab ± 0.01 | 6.68 c ± 1.06 | 0.08 ab ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 a ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 a ± 0.01 |
PTWN | 4.16 d ± 0.59 | 2.27 ab ± 1.4 | 1.29 c ± 0.08 | 0.49 cde ± 0.08 | 5.94 a ± 0.85 | 0.05 ab ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 a ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.04 c ± 0.00 | |
CW | 6.81 e ± 0.58 | 0.33 a ± 0.01 | 1.95 acd ± 0.01 | 1.52 ab ± 0.08 | 6.11 a ± 0.52 | 0.09 ab ± 0.004 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 a ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.04 c ± 0.00 | |
Saccharomyces pastorianus Saflager W34/70 | PTWAir | 4.42 d ± 0.44 | 0.39 a ± 0.02 | 2.21 abd ± 0.79 | 1.82 ab ± 0.61 | 8.93 d ± 0.64 | 0.12 b ± 0.005 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | ND ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | ND ± 0.00 |
PTWN | 8.55 f ± 1.31 | ND ± 0.00 | 2.52 abe ± 0.19 | 2.07 b ± 0.14 | 8.46 e ± 0.74 | 0.11 b ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | ND ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.01 b ± 0.00 | |
CW | 5.41 e ± 0.93 | ND ± 0.00 | 1.49 cd ± 0.71 | 0.24 cd ± 0.02 | 8.03 e ± 0.55 | 0.11 b ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.11 | ND ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | ND ± 0.00 | |
Significance | Strain | *** | *** | ** | ** | *** | * | ns | *** | ns | *** |
Water | *** | *** | ns | * | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
Strain × Water | **** | *** | * | *** | *** | * | ns | *** | ns | *** |
Compound [ug/L] | Ethyl Acetate | Ethyl Hexanoate | Ethyl Octanoate | 2-phenylethyl Acetate | Ethyl Decanoate | Ethyl Dodecanoate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LRI | 614 | 986 | 1180 | 1228 | 1397 | 1581 | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew US-05 | PTWAir | 1102 c | 3.37 a | 5.81 a | 378.2 c | 35.1 ab | 0.42 b |
PTWN | 775.7 b | 2.51 a | 5.89 a | 680.8 c | 35.1 ac | 1.15 a | |
CW | 1140 c | 3.37 a | 5.89 a | 983.6 b | 41.7 c | 1.22 a | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew T58 | PTWAir | 447.8 ab | ND | 5.74 a | 213.2 a | 10.5 c | 0.56 b |
PTWN | 372.7 ab | ND | 4.41 a | 257.4 a | 29.6 d | 1.29 ab | |
CW | 427.7 ab | ND | ND | 169.5 d | 25.7 c | 1.17 ab | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew S33 | PTWAir | 249.5 a | ND | ND | 685.5 c | 20.3 ab | 1.00 b |
PTWN | 720 abc | ND | ND | 641.8 c | 24.2 b | 1.29 ab | |
CW | 685.2 abc | ND | ND | 912.2 b | 31.8 ab | 1.32 ab | |
Saccharomyces pastorianus Saflager W34/70 | PTWAir | 407.7 ab | ND | ND | 125.6 a | 18.6 a | 1.33 a |
PTWN | 362 ab | ND | ND | 106.3 a | 10.1 ab | 1.31 a | |
CW | 248.7 a | ND | ND | 164.3 d | 17.2 ab | 1.31 a | |
OT | 5000 | 6.4 | 15 | 3940 | 510 | 1000 | |
Significance | Strain | ** | ** | *** | ** | * | * |
Water | ns | ns | ** | ** | ns | ** | |
Strain × Water | * | * | * | * | ns | * |
Compound [ug/L] | 2-Methyl-1-propanol | 2-Methyl-1-butanol | 2,3-Butanediol | 1-Hexanol | 2-Phenylethanol | 1-Nonanol | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LRI | 617 | 740 | 768 | 865 | 1084 | 1156 | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew US-05 | PTWAir | 6.05 a | 2933 ac | 0.66 b | 17.4 a | 115 cd | 3.59 a |
PTWN | 12.4 bc | 2917 ac | 0.67 b | 22.4 ab | 153 d | 25.7 b | |
CW | 14.8 bc | 3100 a | 0.67 b | 21.2 ab | 194 e | 25.6 b | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew T58 | PTWAir | ND | 3049 ac | 0.51 bcd | 16.4 a | 57.5 a | 28.8 b |
PTWN | ND | 2917 ac | 0.17 acd | 15.7 a | 77.5 ab | 27.5 b | |
CW | ND | 3481 a | 0.67 b | 14.9 a | 75.9 a | 32.9 b | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew S33 | PTWAir | 6.49 a | 1765 cd | 0.33 abcd | 20.5 ab | 73.5 a | 8.41 e |
PTWN | 12.2 bc | 1047 d | 0.16 ac | 21.9 ab | ND | 9.91 d | |
CW | 19.1 c | 1226 d | ND | 26.7 b | ND | 11.6 d | |
Saccharomyces pastorianus Saflager W34/70 | PTWAir | ND | 400.2 b | ND | 21.8 ab | 83.1 ab | 3.82 f |
PTWN | ND | 346.8 b | ND | 22.3 ab | 82.4 ab | 3.30 a | |
CW | ND | 930.9 b | ND | 17.9 a | 86.8 ab | 3.10 a | |
OT | 4000 | 400 | 31 | 100 | - | 50 | |
Significance | Strain | ** | *** | ** | ** | *** | *** |
Water | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | |
Strain × Water | ** | ** | ** | * | *** | *** |
Compound [ug/L] | β-Myrcene | Linalool | Geraniol | β-Damascenone | Humulene | β-Farnesene | Nerolidol | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LRI | 991 | 1092 | 1257 | 1384 | 1455 | 1462 | 1562 | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew US-05 | PTWAir | 0.09 a | 0.15 b | 2.35 a | 0.31 b | 2.50 | 1.79 a | 0.68 |
PTWN | 0.09 a | 0.08 a | 0.32 b | 0.59 b | 2.91 | 0.89 b | 0.71 | |
CW | 0.19 c | 0.07 a | 0.46 b | 0.14 b | 2.17 | 0.44 b | 0.73 | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew T58 | PTWAir | 0.08 a | 0.1 a | 1.55 c | ND | 2.72 | 1.34 ab | 0.51 |
PTWN | 0.09 a | 0.18 b | 6.43 a | ND | 2.41 | 1.78 a | 0.69 | |
CW | 0.08 a | 0.38 b | 0.94 b | ND | 2.41 | 1.8 a | 0.52 | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safbrew S33 | PTWAir | 0.11 b | 0.15 a | 5.72 a | 0.24 ab | 2.64 | 1.34 ab | 0.68 |
PTWN | 0.11 b | 0.03 a | 0.56 b | 0.08 a | 2.43 | 0.44 ab | 0.77 | |
CW | 0.09 a | 0.03 a | 0.23 b | 0.09 a | 2.41 | 0.00 ab | 0.69 | |
Saccharomyces pastorianus Saflager W34/70 | PTWAir | 0.08 a | 0.14 a | 1.27 a | ND | 2.25 | 1.79 a | 0.66 |
PTWN | 0.07 d | 0.12 a | 1.91 a | ND | 2.23 | 1.34 ab | 0.69 | |
CW | 0.08 a | 0.08 a | 3.12 d | ND | 2.24 | 0.44 b | 0.69 | |
OT | 30 | 2.2 | 36 | 25 | 10 | - | - | |
Significance | Strain | * | ** | ** | ** | ns | * | ns |
Water | ** | * | ** | ns | ns | * | ns | |
Strain × Water | * | * | ** | * | ns | * | ns |
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Pater, A.; Satora, P.; Zdaniewicz, M.; Sroka, P. The Impact of Dry Yeast Rehydrated in Different Plasma Treated Waters (PTWs) on Fermentation Process and Quality of Beer. Foods 2022, 11, 1316. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091316
Pater A, Satora P, Zdaniewicz M, Sroka P. The Impact of Dry Yeast Rehydrated in Different Plasma Treated Waters (PTWs) on Fermentation Process and Quality of Beer. Foods. 2022; 11(9):1316. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091316
Chicago/Turabian StylePater, Aneta, Paweł Satora, Marek Zdaniewicz, and Paweł Sroka. 2022. "The Impact of Dry Yeast Rehydrated in Different Plasma Treated Waters (PTWs) on Fermentation Process and Quality of Beer" Foods 11, no. 9: 1316. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091316