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Article

Development of Food Multi-Mix Using a Linear Programming Approach to Fill the Nutrient Gap of Amino Acids and Micronutrients for Stunted Non-Wasted Children

1
Doctorate Study Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
2
Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65151, Indonesia
3
Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Center for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON), Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
4
Department of Excellent Research EVA 4.0, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16500 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
5
Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
6
Department of Pediatric and IMERI, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2023, 12(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010064
Submission received: 30 September 2022 / Revised: 10 November 2022 / Accepted: 26 November 2022 / Published: 23 December 2022

Abstract

Food-based approaches using locally available food escalates the feasibility and the sustainability of nutrition intervention. A complementary feeding recommendation (CFR) integrated with the food multi-mix (FMM) formulation was targeted to fulfill micronutrient and amino acid requirements for stunted non-wasted (SNW) children aged 12–23 months living in agricultural areas. A seven-day estimated food record (EFR) of 87 children was used to design the CFR and 4 identified underutilized foods were integrated as the FMM. A linear programming approach using Optifood was applied to optimize the CFR and FMM. CFR alone successfully fulfills the vitamin C, riboflavin, iron, and zinc, but it cannot fulfill calcium, thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, and histidine. With the incorporation of the selected underutilized cowpea, buncis batik, wader fish, and cows’ milk in the FMM development, the nutrients that are challenging in CFR development, can be fulfilled. Therefore, these findings present evidence that food multi-mix developed based on locally available nutrient-dense food sources can help to meet the nutrient gaps, which often remained even after a complementary feeding diet is optimized. Efficacy study using the developed CFR and FMM is recommended to assess effect in improving intake of micronutrients and amino acids and improving the linear growth of stunted, non-wasted children.
Keywords: food formulation; food multi-mix; linear programming; complementary feeding; amino acid; stunted; wasted; children food formulation; food multi-mix; linear programming; complementary feeding; amino acid; stunted; wasted; children

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wirawan, N.N.; Fahmida, U.; Purwestri, R.C.; Timan, I.S.; Hegar, B. Development of Food Multi-Mix Using a Linear Programming Approach to Fill the Nutrient Gap of Amino Acids and Micronutrients for Stunted Non-Wasted Children. Foods 2023, 12, 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010064

AMA Style

Wirawan NN, Fahmida U, Purwestri RC, Timan IS, Hegar B. Development of Food Multi-Mix Using a Linear Programming Approach to Fill the Nutrient Gap of Amino Acids and Micronutrients for Stunted Non-Wasted Children. Foods. 2023; 12(1):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010064

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wirawan, Nia N, Umi Fahmida, Ratna C Purwestri, Ina S Timan, and Badriul Hegar. 2023. "Development of Food Multi-Mix Using a Linear Programming Approach to Fill the Nutrient Gap of Amino Acids and Micronutrients for Stunted Non-Wasted Children" Foods 12, no. 1: 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010064

APA Style

Wirawan, N. N., Fahmida, U., Purwestri, R. C., Timan, I. S., & Hegar, B. (2023). Development of Food Multi-Mix Using a Linear Programming Approach to Fill the Nutrient Gap of Amino Acids and Micronutrients for Stunted Non-Wasted Children. Foods, 12(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010064

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