Development of a Comprehensive Quality Evaluation System for Foxtail Millet from Different Ecological Regions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Material
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Measurements
2.4.1. Measurement of Appearance Quality
2.4.2. Measurement of Culinary Quality
2.4.3. Measurement of Nutritional Quality and Amino Acid Pattern
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Regional Diversity of Quality Traits
3.1.1. Appearance Quality
3.1.2. Nutritional Quality
3.1.3. Culinary Quality
3.1.4. Amino Acid Pattern
3.2. Cluster Analysis
3.3. Correlation Analysis
3.4. Principal Component Analysis
3.5. Quality Evaluation System Construction
− 0.030X11 − 0.033X12 + 0.065X13 + 0.078X14 + 0.003X15 + 0.078X16 − 0.041X17 + 0.021X18 − 0.074X19 − 0.080X20
− 0.076X21 − 0.061X22
+ 0.073X11 − 0.015X12 + 0.103X13 − 0.025X14 − 0.179X15 + 0.048X16 + 0.030X17 + 0.097X18 + 0.003X19 − 0.032X20 +
0.045X21 − 0.112X22
+ 0.307X11 + 0.314X12 − 0.065X13 − 0.078X14 + 0.081X15 + 0.004X16 + 0.124X17 + 0.294X18 − 0.007X19 + 0.011X20
− 0.006X21 + 0.012X22
0.176X9 + 0.021X10 − 0.084X11 + 0.209X12 + 0.059X13 + 0.009X14 − 0.083X15 − 0.016X16 −
0.508X17 + 0.106X18 + 0.271X19 − 0.003X20 + 0.143X21 + 0.161X22
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Yang, Z.R.; Zhang, H.S.; Li, X.K.; Shen, H.M.; Gao, J.H.; Hou, S.Y.; Zhang, B.; Mayes, S.; Bennett, M.; Ma, J.X.; et al. A mini foxtail millet with an Arabidopsis-like life cycle as a C4 model system. Nat. Plants 2020, 6, 1167–1178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, M.C.; Tang, S.; Zhang, H.S.; He, M.M.; Liu, J.H.; Zhi, H.; Sui, Y.; Liu, X.T.; Jia, G.Q.; Zhao, Z.Y.; et al. DROOPY LEAF1 controls leaf architecture byorchestrating early brassinosteroid signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 21766–21774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, M.J.; Kang, X.R.; Wang, T.T.; Fan, L.R.; Wang, H.; Pan, H.; Yang, Q.G.; Liu, H.M.; Lou, Y.H.; Zhuge, Y.P. Genotypic diversity of quality traits in Chinese foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) and the establishment of a quality evaluation system. Food Chem. 2021, 353, 129421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yuan, Y.H.; Liu, C.J.; Zhao, G.; Gong, X.W.; Dang, K.; Yang, Q.H.; Feng, B.L. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism associated with dynamic changes in fatty acid and phytosterol content in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) during seed development. Food Res. Int. 2021, 145, 110429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dwivedi, S.L.; Upadhyaya, H.D.; Senthilvel, S.; Hash, C.T.; Fukunaga, K.; Diao, X.M.; Santra, D.; Baltensperge, D.; Prasad, M. Millets: Genetic and Genomic Resources; Wiley-Blackwell: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Sachdev, N.; Goomer, S.; Singh, L.R. Foxtail millet: A potential crop to meet future demand scenario for alternative sustainable protein. J. Agric. Food Sci. 2021, 101, 831–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Verma, S.; Srivastava, S.; Tiwari, N. Comparative study on nutritional and sensory quality of barnyard and foxtail millet food products with traditional rice products. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 52, 5147–5155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shi, Y.Z.; Ma, Y.X.; Zhang, R.T.; Ma, H.J.; Liu, B.G. Preparation and characterization of foxtail millet bran oil using subcritical propane and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 52, 3099–3104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhu, Y.; Chu, J.X.; Lu, Z.X.; Lv, F.X.; Bie, X.M.; Zhang, C.; Zhao, H.Z. Physicochemical and functional properties of dietary fiber from foxtail millet (Setaria italic) bran. J. Cereal Sci. 2018, 79, 456–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Duan, W.; Ren, X.; Wang, C.; Pan, Z.L.; Diao, X.M.; Shen, Q. Effect of foxtail millet protein hydrolysates on lowering blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur. J. Nutr. 2017, 56, 2129–2138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, X.; Chen, J.; Molla, M.M.; Wang, C.; Diao, X.M.; Shen, Q. In vitro starch digestibility and in vivo glycemic response of foxtail millet and its products. Food Funct. 2016, 7, 372–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Yu, W.W.; Guan, X.; Huang, K.; Liu, J.; Liu, D.D.; Duan, R.Q. Effects of millet whole grain supplementation on the lipid profile and gut bacteria in rats fed with high-fat diet. J. Funct. Foods 2019, 59, 49–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, S.M.; Cheng, D.; Yu, H.F.; Wang, X.F.; Song, S.M.; Wang, C.L. Millet-enriched diets attenuate high salt-induced hypertension and myocardial damage in male rats. J. Funct. Foods 2018, 44, 304–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, L.; Cheng, L.; Wang, J.J.; Liu, J.L.; Cheng, J.J.; Yang, Z.R.; Cao, R.; Han, Y.H.; Li, H.Y.; Zhang, B. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 catalyzes lutein degradation to influence carotenoid accumulation and color development in foxtail millet grains. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2022, 70, 9283–9294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Custodio, M.C.; Cuevas, R.P.; Ynion, J.; Laborte, A.G.; Velasco, M.L.; Demont, M. Rice quality: How is it defined by consumers, industry, food scientists, and geneticists? Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 92, 122–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, H.M.; Xia, D.; He, Y.Q. Rice grain quality—Traditional traits for high quality rice and health-plus substances. Mol. Breed. 2020, 40, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Q.H.; Zhang, P.; Qu, Y.P.; Gao, X.L.; Liang, J.B.; Yang, P.; Feng, B.L. Comparison of physicochemical properties and cooking edibility of waxy and non-waxy proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Food Chem. 2018, 257, 271–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.K.; Gao, J.H.; Qie, Q.R.; Yang, Y.L.; Hou, S.Y.; Wang, X.C.; Li, X.K.; Han, Y.H. Comparative analysis of flavonoid metabolites in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) with different eating quality. Life 2021, 11, 578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shu, X.; Jia, L.; Ye, H.; Li, C.; Wu, D. Slow digestion properties of rice different in resistant starch. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 7552–7559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.; Wen, L.C.; Chen, Z.T.; Zhang, Z.L.; Pang, X.L.; Deng, Z.; Liu, T.C.; Guo, Y.F. Study on metabolic variation in whole grains of four proso millet varieties reveals metabolites important for antioxidant properties and quality traits. Food Chem. 2021, 357, 129791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ning, N.; Yang, Y.J.; Hong, J.P.; Yuan, X.Y.; Song, X.E.; Wang, H.F.; Guo, P.Y. Correlation between grain quality of foxtail millet (Setaria italica [L.] P. Beauv.) and environmental factors on multivariate statistical analysis. Chil. J. Agric. Res. 2017, 77, 303–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, L.J.; Li, R.R.; Cui, Y.F.; Qin, X.M.; Li, Z.Y. Comparison of nutritional compositions of foxtail millet from the different cultivation regions by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS based metabolomics approach. J. Food Biochem. 2021, 45, e13940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ma, K.; Zhao, L.R.; Zhao, X.T.; Li, X.R.; Dong, S.Q.; Zhang, L.G.; Guo, P.Y.; Yuan, X.T.; Diao, X.M. The relationship between ecological factors and commercial quality of high-quality foxtail millet “Jingu 21”. Food Res. Int. 2023, 163, 112225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carrefio, J.; Martinez, A. Proposal of an index for the objective evaluation of the colour of red table grapes. Food Res. Int. 1995, 28, 373–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist, 15th ed.; AOAC International: Arlington, TX, USA, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Charve, J.; Manganiello, S.; Glabasnia, A. Analysis of umami taste compounds in a fermented corn sauce by means of sensory-guided fractionation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018, 66, 1863–1871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lioe, H.N.; Apriyantono, A.; Takara, K.; Wada, K.; Yasuda, M. Umami taste enhancement of MSG/NaCl mixtures by subthreshold l-α-aromatic amino acids. J. Food Sci. 2005, 70, 401–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, F.; Wang, C.; Song, S. Rapid and low-cost detection of millet quality by miniature near-infrared spectroscopy and iteratively retaining informative variables. Foods 2022, 11, 1841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.K.; Wu, L.; Geng, X.; Xia, X.H.; Wang, X.H.; Xu, Z.J.; Xu, Q. Deciphering the environmental impacts on rice quality for different rice cultivated areas. Rice 2018, 11, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, H.; Han, S.L.; Huo, Y.Q.; Ma, G.F.; Sun, Z.X.; Li, H.Y.; Hou, S.Y.; Han, Y.H. Comparative metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals a coexpression network of the carotenoid metabolism pathway in the panicle of Setaria italica. BMC Plant Biol. 2022, 22, 105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, L.; Gao, Y.; Ren, W.C.; Su, Y.; Li, J.; Du, Y.Q.; Wang, Q.H.; Kuang, H.X. Rapid determination and origin identification of total polysaccharides contents in Schisandra chinensis by near-infrared spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part A-Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2022, 264, 120327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bangoura, M.L.; Nsor-Atindana, J.; Zhou, H.M. Solvent optimization extraction of antioxidants from foxtail millet species’ insoluble fibers and their free radical scavenging properties. Food Chem. 2013, 141, 736–744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahidi, F.; Chandrasekar, A. Millet grain phenolics and their role in disease risk reduction and health promotion: A review. J. Funct. Foods 2013, 5, 570–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pradeep, P.M.; Sreerama, Y.N. Soluble and bound phenolics of two different millet genera and their milled fractions: Comparative evaluation of antioxidant properties and inhibitory effects on starch hydrolysing enzyme activities. J. Funct. Foods 2017, 35, 682–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, X.D.; Ma, Y.J.; Parry, J.; Gao, J.M.; Yu, L.L.; Wang, M. Phenolics content and antioxidant activity of tartary buckwheat from different locations. Molecules 2011, 16, 9850–9867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kalinova, J.; Moudry, J. Content and quality of protein in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) varieties. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2006, 61, 45–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hou, Y.; Wu, G. Nutritionally essential amino acids. Adv. Nutr. 2018, 9, 849–851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jin, N.; Jin, L.; Luo, S.L.; Tang, Z.Q.; Liu, Z.C.; Wei, S.H.; Liu, F.H.; Zhao, X.Q.; Yu, J.H.; Zhong, Y. Comprehensive evaluation of amino acids and polyphenols in 69 varieties of green cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Capitata L.) based on multivariate statistical analysis. Molecules 2021, 26, 5355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tian, X.Q.; Li, Z.; Wang, Y.F.; Li, B.; Wang, L.C. Evaluation on soil fertility quality under biochar combined with nitrogen reduction. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 13792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, S.; Wang, E.; Li, C.; Cai, M.; Cheng, B.; Cao, C.; Jiang, Y. Use of protein content, amylose content, and RVA parameters to evaluate the taste quality of rice. Front. Nutr. 2022, 8, 758547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, K.H.; Liang, S.; Lu, L.J.; Zhu, D.Z.; Zhu, H.; Liu, P.; Zhang, M. Metabolic variation and cooking qualities of millet cultivars grown both organically and conventionally. Food Res. Int. 2018, 106, 825–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mi, J.; Gregorich, E.G.; Xu, S.; McLaughlin, N.B.; Liu, J. Effect of bentonite as a soil amendment on field water-holding capacity, and millet photosynthesis and grain quality. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 18282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Primary Component | Principal Component Number | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
Eigenvalue | 12.352 | 5.417 | 2.702 | 1.529 | |
Percentage of variance (%) | 56.147 | 24.623 | 12.282 | 6.948 | |
Cumulative (%) | 56.147 | 80.770 | 93.052 | 100.000 | |
Load factor | KGW (X1) | 0.971 | −0.094 | 0.218 | 0.038 |
DG (X2) | 0.737 | −0.460 | 0.495 | 0.032 | |
L* (X3) | −0.352 | 0.813 | 0.001 | −0.464 | |
a* (X4) | 0.982 | 0.184 | 0.003 | −0.045 | |
b* (X5) | 0.789 | 0.613 | 0.031 | −0.015 | |
CCI (X6) | 0.812 | −0.564 | −0.029 | 0.144 | |
MC (X7) | 0.913 | 0.102 | 0.294 | 0.264 | |
ACC (X8) | −0.025 | 0.939 | −0.158 | 0.305 | |
CFC (X9) | 0.500 | −0.816 | 0.108 | −0.268 | |
CPC (X10) | −0.997 | 0.008 | −0.070 | 0.032 | |
TPC (X11) | −0.374 | 0.393 | 0.830 | −0.129 | |
TFC (X12) | −0.413 | −0.082 | 0.849 | 0.319 | |
YPC (X13) | 0.805 | 0.559 | −0.176 | 0.090 | |
PC (X14) | 0.968 | −0.137 | −0.210 | 0.014 | |
ADV (X15) | 0.033 | −0.967 | 0.218 | −0.126 | |
GC (X16) | 0.965 | 0.260 | 0.010 | −0.024 | |
WSI (X17) | −0.509 | 0.160 | 0.336 | −0.776 | |
WAI (X18) | 0.263 | 0.523 | 0.795 | 0.162 | |
UAAC (X19) | −0.910 | 0.019 | −0.018 | 0.415 | |
SAAC (X20) | −0.985 | −0.171 | 0.031 | −0.005 | |
BAAC (X21) | −0.944 | 0.245 | −0.015 | 0.218 | |
DVAAC (X22) | −0.757 | −0.605 | 0.033 | 0.246 |
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F | Ranking | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qinxian | −0.21 | −0.33 | 1.74 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 3 |
Zezhou | −0.53 | 1.54 | −0.26 | 0.70 | 0.10 | 2 |
Dingxiang | 1.68 | −0.22 | −0.31 | 0.49 | 0.89 | 1 |
Xingxian | −0.01 | 0.20 | −0.37 | −1.74 | −0.12 | 4 |
Yuci | −0.92 | −1.20 | −0.81 | 0.50 | −0.88 | 5 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhang, L.; Ma, K.; Zhao, X.; Li, Z.; Zhang, X.; Li, W.; Meng, R.; Lu, B.; Yuan, X. Development of a Comprehensive Quality Evaluation System for Foxtail Millet from Different Ecological Regions. Foods 2023, 12, 2545. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12132545
Zhang L, Ma K, Zhao X, Li Z, Zhang X, Li W, Meng R, Lu B, Yuan X. Development of a Comprehensive Quality Evaluation System for Foxtail Millet from Different Ecological Regions. Foods. 2023; 12(13):2545. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12132545
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Liguang, Ke Ma, Xiatong Zhao, Zhong Li, Xin Zhang, Weidong Li, Ru Meng, Boyu Lu, and Xiangyang Yuan. 2023. "Development of a Comprehensive Quality Evaluation System for Foxtail Millet from Different Ecological Regions" Foods 12, no. 13: 2545. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12132545