Effects of Cooking Processes on Protein Nutritional Values and Volatile Flavor Substances of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Cooking Treatment for Silver Carp Meat
2.3. Determination of Chemical Composition
2.4. Determination of Amino Acids
2.5. Nutritional Value Analysis of Silver Carp Meat Protein
2.6. Determination of Flavor Substances in Silver Carp Meat
2.7. OAV Analysis of Flavour Substance Activity Values in Fish
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effects of Cooking Processing on the Chemical Composition of Silver Carp
3.2. Effects of Cooking Processing on the Protein Nutrition of Silver Carp Meat
3.2.1. Amino Acid Content
3.2.2. Protein Nutrition Indexes
3.3. Effects of Cooking Processes on Flavor Substances of the Silver Carp Meat
3.3.1. Aldehydes in Silver Carp Meat
3.3.2. Hydrocarbons in Silver Carp Meat
3.3.3. Alcohols in Silver Carp Meat
3.3.4. Ketones in Silver Carp Meat
3.3.5. Esters in Silver Carp Meat
3.3.6. Other Compounds in Silver Carp Meat
3.3.7. OAV Values of the Flavor Compounds
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Moisture/% | Protein Content in Dry Basis/(g/100 g) | Ash Content in Dry Basis/(g/100 g) | Fat Content in Dry Basis/(g/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Raw | 80.80 ± 0.21 a | 24.21 ± 1.40 c | 4.15 ± 0.03 d | 9.25 ± 0.15 b |
fried | 67.06 ± 2.59 d | 30.11 ± 1.01 a | 4.53 ± 0.02 a | 36.26 ± 0.59 a |
Roasted | 70.70 ± 0.80 c | 26.03 ± 1.75 b | 4.26 ± 0.09 b | 12.89 ± 0.62 c |
Steamed | 74.93 ± 0.99 b | 22.53 ± 2.63 a | 4.19 ± 0.03 c | 10.45 ± 0.63 d |
Types of Amino Acids | Raw (mg/g) | Fried (mg/g) | Roasted (mg/g) | Steamed (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Phenylalanine | 7.86 ± 0.09 d | 10.64 ± 033 a | 9.89 ± 0.27 b | 8.63 ± 0.11 c |
Alanine | 10.85 ± 0.04 b | 15.80 ± 1.13 a | 14.48 ± 0.58 a | 11.86 ± 0.40 b |
Methionine | 5.53 ± 0.08 b | 7.90 ± 0.32 a | 7.37 ± 0.13 a | 6.33 ± 0.15 b |
Glycine | 8.67 ± 0.28 c | 14.63 ± 1.06 a | 14.42 ± 1.14 a | 10.20 ± 0.30 b |
Glutamate | 26.65 ± 37 d | 40.06 ± 2.24 a | 35.31 ± 1.36 b | 30.47 ± 57 c |
Arginine | 10.92 ± 0.05 b | 16.22 ± 0.83 a | 14.90 ± 0.62 a | 12.33 ± 0.02 b |
Lysine | 18.12 ± 0.16 b | 25.60 ± 1.77 a | 22.95 ± 0.69 a | 20.24 ± 0.19 b |
Tyrosine | 6.74 ± 0.13 c | 9.15 ± 0.23 a | 8.61 ± 0.21 a | 7.52 ± 0.25 b |
Leucine | 14.60 ± 0.17 c | 20.43 ± 1.06 a | 18.82 ± 0.40 b | 16.18 ± 0.17 c |
Proline | 6.08 ± 0.06 b | 9.52 ± 0.22 a | 9.31 ± 0.76 a | 7.08 ± 0.60 b |
Serine | 7.30 ± 0.13 b | 10.45 ± 0.57 a | 9.73 ± 0.42 a | 7.90 ± 0.65 b |
Threonine | 7.93 ± 0.10 b | 11.41 ± 0.93 a | 10.69 ± 0.45 a | 8.98 ± 0.49 b |
Aspartate | 18.59 ± 0.13 c | 26.62 ± 1.99 a | 23.98 ± 1.00 ab | 21.16 ± 0.39 bc |
Ileucine | 9.09 ± 0.21 c | 12.92 ± 0.84 a | 11.59 ± 0.30 b | 10.24 ± 0.11 c |
Valine | 8.02 ± 0.12 d | 11.22 ± 0.49 a | 10.34 ± 0.19 b | 9.09 ± 0.21 c |
Histidine | 5.14 ± 0.02 b | 7.27 ± 0.49 a | 6.64 ± 0.25 a | 5.71 ± 0.16 b |
TAA | 172.08 ± 0.12 b | 249.82 ± 14.40 a | 229.00 ± 8.76 a | 193.87 ± 4.30 b |
EAA | 71.15 ± 0.74 b | 100.11 ± 5.64 a | 91.64 ± 2.43 a | 79.67 ± 1.00 b |
EAAR/% | 41.35 ± 0.45 a | 40.08 ± 0.05 a | 40.03 ± 0.47 a | 41.10 ± 0.40 a |
AAS (Child) | 0.27 ± 0.01 b | 0.38 ± 0.03 a | 0.35 ± 0.01 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 b |
AAS (Adult) | 0.32 ± 0.01 b | 0.46 ± 0.04 a | 0.42 ± 0.02 a | 0.36 ± 0.01 b |
EAAI (Child) | 0.34 ± 0.01 b | 0.48 ± 0.03 a | 0.44 ± 0.01 a | 0.39 ± 0.01 b |
EAAI (Adult) | 0.64 ± 0.01 c | 0.90 ± 0.05 a | 0.83 ± 0.02 a | 0.71 ± 0.01 b |
PER | 5.46 ± 0.06 b | 7.85 ± 0.46 a | 7.17 ± 0.16 a | 6.09 ± 0.05 b |
Compound | Raw | Fried | Roasted | Steamed | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Types | Relative Content (%) | Types | Relative Content (%) | Types | Relative Content (%) | Types | Relative Content (%) | |
Aldehydes | 4 | 2.76 | 9 | 11.57 | 2 | 1.46 | 5 | 23.5 |
Hydrocarbons | 8 | 10.55 | 8 | 4.57 | 6 | 6.98 | 5 | 3.22 |
Alcohols | 4 | 13.44 | 2 | 27.84 | 5 | 21.76 | 4 | 12.96 |
Ketones | 6 | 7.98 | 7 | 12.51 | 5 | 3.4 | 3 | 5.33 |
Esters | 3 | 2.24 | 3 | 1.83 | 1 | 0.49 | 4 | 3.2 |
Others | 7 | 15.02 | 6 | 5.72 | 4 | 5.06 | 4 | 6.79 |
Total | 32 | 51.99 | 35 | 64.04 | 23 | 39.15 | 25 | 55 |
RT | Molecular Formula | Name | CAS | Thresholds (μg/kg) | Raw | Fried | Roasted | Steamed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute Content (μg/kg) | Absolute Content (μg/kg) | Absolute Content (μg/kg) | Absolute Content (μg/kg) | |||||
Aldehydes | / | / | ||||||
2.224 | C3H6O | Propionaldehyde | 123-38-6 | 4.5 | 40.14 | 69.85 | / | / |
2.287 | C4H8O | 2-Methylpropionaldehyde | 78-84-2 | ND | 23.67 | 28.85 | / | / |
2.866 | C6H12O | 2-Methylpentanal | 123-15-9 | ND | / | 144.12 | / | / |
3.485 | C5H10O | Pentanal | 110-62-3 | 8 | 37.78 | 54.63 | 123.11 | 74.04 |
4.294 | C11H24O2 | Nonanal dimethyl acetal | 18824-63-0 | ND | / | 29.16 | / | / |
5.194 | C6H12O | Hexanal | 66-25-1 | 4.5 | 35.7 | 847.12 | / | 938.62 |
8.014 | C7H14O | Heptaldehyde | 111-71-7 | 10 | / | / | / | 53.61 |
11.876 | C8H16O | Octanal | 124-13-0 | 0.7 | / | 32.39 | / | / |
16.379 | C9H18O | Nonanal | 124-19-6 | 3.5 | / | 41.31 | / | 140.84 |
19.535 | C10H20O | Decanal | 112-31-2 | 2.8 | / | 170.8 | 68.03 | 23.61 |
Hydrocarbons | ||||||||
1.849 | C5H12 | Pentane | 109-66-0 | ND | 49.83 | / | 179.37 | 27.93 |
4.637 | C7H14O | 3-tert-Butyloxy-1-propene | 1471-04-1 | ND | 28.61 | 29.57 | / | / |
4.901 | C12H26 | 3,4,5,6-Tetramethyloctane | 62185-21-1 | ND | 100.71 | / | / | / |
4.925 | C12H26 | 2,4-Dimethyldecane | 2801-84-5 | ND | / | 51.11 | / | / |
8.692 | C8H18 | 3,3-Dimethylhexane | 563-16-6 | ND | / | / | 107.52 | 79.41 |
10.559 | C10H22 | 4,5-Dimethyloctane | 15869-96-2 | ND | 26.87 | 29.63 | 257.67 | 19.63 |
20.773 | C9H18 | 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-hexene | 26456-76-8 | 730 | 25.21 | 70.99 | 85.4 | 23.36 |
21.637 | C15H32 | Pentadecane | 629-62-9 | ND | 51.21 | 61.65 | 111.75 | / |
24.243 | C8H16 | Pentylcyclopropane | 2511-91-3 | ND | / | 29.77 | / | 17.93 |
31.943 | C11H24 | 3,7-Dimethylnonane | 17302-32-8 | ND | 35.97 | 51.05 | 172.8 | / |
31.903 | C15H32 | 2,6,11-Trimethyldodecane | 31295-56-4 | ND | 207.59 | 236.82 | / | / |
Alcohols | ||||||||
1.967 | CH4S | Methyl mercaptan | 74-93-1 | 0.02 | 110.79 | / | 252.52 | 95.56 |
3.011 | C5H12O2 | 2,4-Pentanediol | 625-69-4 | ND | 320.99 | / | / | / |
5.206 | C6H12O | 2-Ethylcyclobutanol | 35301-43-0 | ND | / | / | 226.94 | / |
7.312 | C5H10O | 1-Penten-3-ol | 616-25-1 | 400 | / | / | 629.23 | / |
10.546 | C5H12O | 1-Pentanol | 71-41-0 | 4000 | / | / | / | 105.77 |
14.893 | C6H14O | 1-Hexanol | 111-27-3 | 700 | 150.98 | 2742.43 | 1227.35 | 342.62 |
19.299 | C8H16O | 1-Octen-3-ol | 3391-86-4 | 7 | 87.12 | 668.89 | 515.42 | 133.77 |
Ketones | ||||||||
2.256 | C9H18O | 2,2-Dimethyl-3-heptanone | 19078-97-8 | ND | 66.34 | / | / | / |
2.746 | C4H8O | 2-Butanone | 78-93-3 | 50000 | / | / | / | 109.62 |
4.523 | C3H6OS | Mercaptoacetone | 24653-75-6 | ND | 61.45 | / | / | / |
4.682 | C5H8O2 | 2,3-Pentanedione | 600-14-6 | ND | / | 110.54 | 101 | 56.38 |
7.955 | C7H14O | 2-Heptanone | 110-43-0 | 2.8 | 16.65 | 99.95 | / | / |
8.953 | C7H12O | 2,2,3-Trimethyl-cyclobutanone | 1449-49-6 | ND | 211.62 | 1010.85 | / | / |
11.531 | C4H8O2 | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone | 513-86-0 | 259 | 16.65 | 200.24 | 144.32 | 112.7 |
19.682 | C10H20O2 | 5-Hydroxy-2,7-dimethyloct-4-one | 6838-51-3 | ND | / | 29 | / | / |
21.875 | C8H12O | 3,5-Octadiene 2-one | 38284-27-4 | 150 | / | / | 69.08 | / |
24.112 | C8H12O | (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one | 30086-02-3 | ND | / | 40.1 | 67.45 | / |
33.14 | C8H14O | 3-Octen-2-one | 1669-44-9 | ND | 25.25 | 41.33 | 63.69 | / |
Esters | ||||||||
2.437 | C11H10O6 | Dipyrocetyl | 486-79-3 | ND | 44.21 | / | / | 65.71 |
4.347 | C5H11NO2 | Isoamyl nitrite | 110-46-3 | ND | 30.52 | 53.3 | / | 19.36 |
5.476 | C3H6O2 | Methyl acetate | 79-20-9 | ND | 36.68 | 66.16 | / | 64.96 |
13.434 | C8H14O2 | Vinyl hexanoate | 3050-69-9 | ND | / | 105.68 | 64.71 | 17.31 |
Others | ||||||||
2.886 | C3H5NO | Acrylamide | 79-06-1 | ND | / | 187.14 | / | / |
3.011 | C2H7N | Dimethylamine | 124-40-3 | ND | 217.59 | / | / | / |
4.393 | C7H8 | Toluene | 108-88-3 | 1550 | 43.87 | 29.57 | 270.16 | / |
3.534 | C8H24O4Si4 | Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane | 556-67-2 | ND | 96.72 | 86.49 | 79.65 | 35.78 |
7.516 | C10H30O5Si5 | Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane | 541-02-6 | ND | 178.89 | 105.33 | 106.38 | 108.66 |
15.124 | C12H36O6Si6 | Dodecamethylcyclohexane | 540-97-6 | ND | 124.43 | 255.51 | 207.08 | 141.02 |
23.342 | C8H24O4Si4 | Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane- | 556-67-2 | ND | 31.79 | / | / | / |
29.483 | C2H8O2Si | Dimethylsilylene glycol | 1066-42-8 | ND | 55.5 | 35 | / | 70.77 |
Total content | 2591.33 | 7846.33 | 5793.9 | 2878.97 |
Name | Threshold Value (μg/kg) | Flavour Description | Raw | Fry | Roast | Steam |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Propionaldehyde | 4.5 | Dirt, pungent | 8.92 | 15.52 | / | / |
Pentanal | 8 | Jam, bread flavor | 4.72 | 6.83 | 15.39 | 9.26 |
Hexanal | 4.5 | Fatty, apple aroma | 7.93 | 188.25 | / | 208.58 |
Heptaldehyde | 10 | Fishy, harsh odour | / | / | / | 5.36 |
Octanal | 0.7 | Grassy, fishy smell | / | 46.27 | / | / |
Nonanal | 3.5 | Fatty, citrusy, floral | / | 11.80 | / | 40.24 |
Decanal | 2.8 | Fatty, citrusy | / | 61 | 24.30 | 8.43 |
Methyl mercaptan | 4 | Rotten vegetable hearts and rotten egg smell | 27.7 | / | 63.13 | 23.89 |
1-Penten-3-ol | 400 | Fruity | / | / | 1.57 | / |
1-Pentanol | 4000 | Fermented fruit flavor, bread flavor | / | / | / | 0.026 |
1-Hexanol | 700 | Fruity, sweet, wine-like, grassy | 0.22 | 3.92 | 1.75 | 0.49 |
1-Octen-3-ol | 7 | Mushroom flavor, grass flavour | 12.45 | 95.56 | 73.63 | 19.11 |
2-Heptanone | 2.8 | Fruity, creamy | 16.65 | 99.95 | / | / |
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Zhang, Y.; Zhang, P.; Peng, H.; Chen, Q.; Jiao, X.; Jia, J.; Pan, Z.; Cheng, J.; Wang, L. Effects of Cooking Processes on Protein Nutritional Values and Volatile Flavor Substances of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Foods 2023, 12, 3169. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12173169
Zhang Y, Zhang P, Peng H, Chen Q, Jiao X, Jia J, Pan Z, Cheng J, Wang L. Effects of Cooking Processes on Protein Nutritional Values and Volatile Flavor Substances of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Foods. 2023; 12(17):3169. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12173169
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yin, Pengcheng Zhang, Haichuan Peng, Qiuyue Chen, Xiaolei Jiao, Jianlin Jia, Zhongli Pan, Jie Cheng, and Linguo Wang. 2023. "Effects of Cooking Processes on Protein Nutritional Values and Volatile Flavor Substances of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)" Foods 12, no. 17: 3169. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12173169