Reduction of Cd Uptake in Rice (Oryza sativa) Grain Using Different Field Management Practices in Alkaline Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Soil Characterization of Physicochemical Properties
2.3. Soil Amendment Treatments and Research Design for the Small-Scale Experiment Setup
Rice Cultivation and Management
2.4. Implementation of Different Soil Amendment Treatments for Large-Scale Farm Experiment Setup
Combination Treatments and Research Design for the Large-Scale Farm Experiment Setup
2.5. Preparation of Samples for Analysis
2.6. Determination of Seed Germination Index (SGI)
2.7. Determination of Cd Concentrations in Soil and Grain Samples
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cd Concentration in the Surrounding Environment
3.2. Influence Different Fertilizer Treatments on Rhizosphere pH Change under the Small-Scale Plot Experiment
3.3. Influence of Different Fertilizer Treatments on Rhizosphere Soil-Available Cd and Soil Total Cd Concentrations under Small-Scale Plot Experiment
3.4. Influence of the Different Fertilizer Treatments on Rice Seed Germination Index (SGI), Grain Yield, and Grain Cd Concentration under the Small-Scale Plot Experiment
3.5. Effects of Different Soil Amendment Combinations on Rhizosphere pH under the Large-Scale Field Experiment
3.6. Effects of Different Soil Amendment Combinations on Rhizosphere Soil Total Cd Concentrations and Bioavailable Cd under the Large-Scale Field Experiment
3.7. Effects of Different Combination Treatments on Rice Growth and Yield Parameters under the Large-Scale Field Experiment
3.7.1. Rice Seed Germination Index (SGI), Panicle Length (PL), Number of Tillers per Hill (NTH), and Number of Kernels per Panicle (NKP) at Large Field Scale
3.7.2. Differences in Rice Grain Yield and Grain Cd Concentration under the Large-Scale Field Experiment
3.8. Correlations between Cd Soil and Plant Attributes under the Large Field Scale
4. Discussion
4.1. Humic Acid Effectively Lowers Rhizosphere Soil pH
4.2. Different Amendment Materials Effectively Lowers Rhizosphere Bioavailable Cd
4.3. Soil Amendment Treatments Improve Seedling Germination and Plant Growth
4.4. Different Combination Treatments Variedly Improve Grain Yield and Grain Cd Concentration
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment Codes | Amendment Material Names | Chemical Formulas | Application Rates (kg m−2) |
---|---|---|---|
T1 | Sepiolite | Mg4Si6O15(OH)2•6(H2O) | 1.27 |
T2 | Sodium metasilicate | Na2SiO3 | 0.03 |
T3 | Humic acid | C187H186O89N9S1 | 0.07 |
T4 | calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer | CaMgO4P+ | 0.09 |
T5 | ferrous sulfate + manganese sulfate | FeSO4 + MgSO4 | 0.07 + 0.007 |
T6 | Straw biochar | - | 0.75 |
T7/Control | No chemical added | - | - |
Treatment Codes | Soil Amendment Options | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Humic Acid | Soil Silicon Fertilizer | Foliar Silicon Fertilizer | Deep Plowing (15–30 cm) | Shallow Plowing (5–10 cm) | |
Comb1 | + | + | − | + | − |
Comb2 | + | + | − | − | + |
Comb3 | + | + | + | + | − |
Comb4 | + | + | + | − | + |
CombC | − | − | − | − | + |
Chemical Properties | Value (Mean ± Standard Error) |
---|---|
pH | 7.63 ± 0.7 |
CEC (mg kg−1) | 12.83 ± 0.9 |
Exchangeable Ca2+ (mg kg−1) | 17.1 ± 4.7 |
Exchangeable K+ (mg kg−1) | 76.0 ± 21.2 |
Exchangeable Fe2+ (mg kg−1) | 476.9 ± 24.8 |
Exchangeable NH4+ (mg kg−1) | 28.02 ± 0.01 |
Exchangeable Na+ (%) | 0.001 ± 0.0001 |
Exchangeable Mn2+ (mg kg−1) | 6.1 ± 0.2 |
Exchangeable Mg2+ (mg kg−1) | 20.4 ± 0.8 |
Available P (mg kg−1) | 1.24 ± 0.08 |
Available NO3− (mg kg−1) | 15.88 ± 0.93 |
Total soil Cd (mg kg−1) | 3.21 ± 0.03 |
Irrigation water (mg L−1) | 0.0091 ± 0.0001 |
Total Cd concentration from old clay building walls (mg kg−1) | 3.8471 ± 0.02 |
Treatments | Number of Tillers per Hill | Panicle Length (cm) | Number of Kernels per Panicle |
---|---|---|---|
Comb1 | 6.20 ± 0.5d | 10.3 ± 0.1c | 33.1 ± 0.9d |
Comb2 | 7.14 ± 0.4c | 11.4 ± 0.3b | 35.5 ± 7c |
Comb3 | 8.33 ± 0.5b | 13.8 ± 0.6a | 40.2 ± 1b |
Comb4 | 8.61 ± 0.8a | 14.2 ± 0.3a | 44.6 ± 1.4a |
CombC | 5.14 ± 0.4e | 8.3 ± 0.4d | 28.4 ± 2.1e |
p-value | **** | **** | **** |
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Zveushe, O.K.; Ling, Q.; Li, X.; Sajid, S.; Dios, V.R.d.; Nabi, F.; Han, Y.; Dong, F.; Zeng, F.; Zhou, L.; et al. Reduction of Cd Uptake in Rice (Oryza sativa) Grain Using Different Field Management Practices in Alkaline Soils. Foods 2023, 12, 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12020314
Zveushe OK, Ling Q, Li X, Sajid S, Dios VRd, Nabi F, Han Y, Dong F, Zeng F, Zhou L, et al. Reduction of Cd Uptake in Rice (Oryza sativa) Grain Using Different Field Management Practices in Alkaline Soils. Foods. 2023; 12(2):314. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12020314
Chicago/Turabian StyleZveushe, Obey Kudakwashe, Qin Ling, Xing Li, Sumbal Sajid, Víctor Resco de Dios, Farhan Nabi, Ying Han, Faqin Dong, Fang Zeng, Lei Zhou, and et al. 2023. "Reduction of Cd Uptake in Rice (Oryza sativa) Grain Using Different Field Management Practices in Alkaline Soils" Foods 12, no. 2: 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12020314