Impact of Solubilized Substances on the Techno-Functional, Pasting and Rheological Properties of Ultrasound-Modified Rice, Tef, Corn and Quinoa Flours
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Ultrasound Treatment
2.3. Characterization of Soluble Compounds and Ash Content
2.4. Particle Size Distribution
2.5. Color
2.6. Amylose and Starch Content
2.7. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
2.8. Techno-Functional Properties
2.9. Thermal Properties
2.10. Pasting Properties
2.11. Gels’ Rheological Properties
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Supernatant Obtained from Centrifuged Samples
3.2. Particle Size
3.3. Color
3.4. Amylose and Starch Content
3.5. FTIR Spectroscopy
3.6. Techno-Functional Properties
3.7. Thermal Properties
3.8. Pasting Properties
3.9. Rheological Properties
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Native | Freeze-Dried | Centrifuged |
---|---|---|---|
Rice | RI-N | RI-F | RI-C |
Tef | TE-N | TE-F | TE-C |
Corn | CO-N | CO-F | CO-C |
Quinoa | QU-N | QU-F | QU-C |
Sample | D50 (μm) | (D90-D10)/D50 | L* | a* | b* | C* | h | ΔE | Amylose (%) | Starch (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI-N | 210 c | 1.51 a | 86.2 a | 0.49 b | 5.11 c | 5.13 c | 84.5 a | --- | 36.8 c | 72.4 a |
RI-F | 130 a | 2.40 c | 88.2 b | −0.08 a | 3.41 b | 3.41 b | 91.3 b | 2.69 | 35.2 b | 73.1 ab |
RI-C | 165 b | 2.11 b | 88.7 b | −0.06 a | 3.23 a | 3.23 a | 91.1 b | 3.18 | 29.5 a | 74.8 b |
SE | 1 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.2 | --- | 0.4 | 0.6 |
p-value | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | --- | ** | * |
TE-N | 121.4 c | 2.44 a | 59.1 a | 8.1 c | 11.8 c | 14.3 c | 55.6 a | --- | 39.0 b | 64.8 a |
TE-F | 84.1 a | 3.06 b | 65.6 b | 5.7 b | 10.1 b | 11.6 b | 60.7 b | 7.13 | 41.9 c | 64.5 a |
TE-C | 95.4 b | 3.16 c | 72.5 c | 3.8 a | 6.6 a | 7.6 a | 60.1 b | 15.00 | 36.8 a | 70.7 b |
SE | 0.6 | 0.01 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | --- | 0.2 | 0.6 |
p-value | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | --- | *** | ** |
CO-N | 184 b | 2.09 b | 77.8 b | 5.82 c | 31.1 c | 31.8 c | 79.5 b | --- | 37.1 a | 62.5 a |
CO-F | 144 a | 2.45 c | 78.4 b | 4.60 a | 29.3 b | 29.6 b | 81.1 c | 2.26 | 42.1 b | 62.9 a |
CO-C | 223 c | 1.80 a | 75.9 a | 5.07 b | 25.6 a | 26.1 a | 78.8 a | 5.87 | 37.8 a | 70.2 b |
SE | 3 | 0.01 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | --- | 0.7 | 0.4 |
p-value | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | --- | * | *** |
QU-N | 161.1 b | 2.23 b | 75.3 a | 3.57 c | 13.4 c | 13.82 c | 75.1 b | --- | 22.3 b | 46.2 a |
QU-F | 142.7 a | 2.29 c | 75.0 a | 3.25 b | 12.7 b | 13.08 b | 75.6 c | 0.83 | 25.9 c | 44.5 a |
QU-C | 161.8 b | 2.06 a | 76.7 b | 3.05 a | 10.4 a | 10.81 a | 73.6 a | 3.35 | 17.2 a | 54.5 b |
SE | 0.6 | 0.01 | 0.3 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0.06 | 0.1 | --- | 0.4 | 0.6 |
p-value | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | --- | ** | *** |
Starch | Proteins Secondary Structure | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 1047/1022 | 1022/995 | LF-β-Sheet | Random Coil + α-Helix | β-Turns | HF-β-Sheet |
RI-N | 0.714 b | 0.877 a | 39.3 c | 37.5 a | 21.2 a | 1.93 a |
RI-F | 0.680 a | 0.894 b | 31.9 a | 45.0 b | 21.2 a | 1.91 a |
RI-C | 0.676 a | 0.889 b | 34.1 b | 43.1 b | 20.9 a | 1.86 a |
SE | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.03 |
p-value | *** | *** | *** | *** | ns | ns |
TE-N | 0.793 c | 0.891 a | 32.7 b | 44.9 a | 20.3 b | 2.09 b |
TE-F | 0.699 b | 0.886 a | 29.0 a | 46.1 b | 22.3 c | 2.73 c |
TE-C | 0.679 a | 0.878 a | 33.0 a | 46.7 b | 19.1 a | 1.21 a |
SE | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.08 |
p-value | *** | * | ** | * | *** | *** |
CO-N | 0.739 c | 0.880 a | 39.1 c | 42.8 a | 15.5 a | 2.64 b |
CO-F | 0.729 b | 0.904 b | 32.2 a | 48.2 b | 17.3 b | 2.21 ab |
CO-C | 0.704 a | 0.882 a | 34.5 b | 46.8 b | 16.8 b | 1.90 a |
SE | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.17 |
p-value | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** | ns |
QU-N | 0.769 c | 0.938 c | 33.8 a | 44.1 a | 19.3 b | 2.79 a |
QU-F | 0.692 b | 0.919 b | 32.9 a | 48.9 b | 16.2 a | 1.97 a |
QU-C | 0.672 a | 0.905 a | 32.9 a | 50.3 c | 14.7 a | 2.14 a |
SE | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.13 |
p-value | *** | *** | ns | *** | ** | ns |
Sample | WAC | WAI | WSI | SP | EA | ES | FC | FS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI-N | 1.31 b | 7.2 a | 1.6 a | 7.3 a | --- | --- | 3.0 a | 31 a |
RI-F | 1.19 a | 9.2 b | 1.9 a | 9.4 b | --- | --- | 2.5 a | 35 a |
RI-C | 1.22 a | 8.8 b | 2.1 a | 8.9 b | --- | --- | 3.5 a | 60 a |
SE | 0.02 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | --- | --- | 0.6 | 18 |
p-value | ** | *** | ns | *** | --- | --- | ns | ns |
TE-N | 1.13 b | 5.4 a | 5.4 c | 5.7 a | 48.2 b | 6 a | 6.5 b | 54 b |
TE-F | 1.01 a | 7.2 b | 4.5 b | 7.5 b | 52.3 c | 29 b | 7.5 b | 46 b |
TE-C | 1.23 c | 9.2 c | 2.3 a | 9.4 c | 40.6 a | 25 b | 2.5 a | 0 a |
SE | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 3 | 0.5 | 3 |
p-value | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | ** |
CO-N | 1.61 b | 6.0 a | 4.9 b | 6.4 a | 40.6 b | 5.9 b | 4.5 b | 90 b |
CO-F | 1.56 a | 6.8 c | 6.0 c | 7.3 c | 45.1 c | 16.5 c | 4.5 b | 100 b |
CO-C | 1.62 b | 6.4 b | 4.2 a | 6.7 b | 10.0 a | 0.0 a | 1.5 a | 0 a |
SE | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 6 |
p-value | ns | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | ** |
QU-N | 0.92 b | 8.1 a | 6.2 b | 8.6 a | 57.7 a | 55.6 a | 6.0 a | 83 b |
QU-F | 0.85 a | 8.3 a | 7.3 c | 9.0 a | 57.1 a | 56.2 a | 9.0 b | 23 a |
QU-C | 1.01 c | 8.2 a | 5.1 a | 8.6 a | 57.4 a | 55.4 a | 4.0 a | 88 b |
SE | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 7 |
p-value | *** | ns | * | ns | ns | ns | * | * |
Sample | ΔHgel (J/g) | TO-gel (°C) | TP-gel (°C) | TC-gel (°C) | ΔHam-lip (J/g) | TP-am-lip (°C) | ΔHret (J/g) | TO-ret (°C) | TP-ret (°C) | TC-ret (°C) | ΔHam-lip-ret (J/g) | TP-am-lip-ret (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI-N | 14.3 a | 69.1 b | 74.4 b | 80.3 c | 1.30 a | 96.9 b | 8.5 a | 34.7 b | 50.7 a | 62.9 a | 3.0 a | 98.5 a |
RI-F | 14.2 a | 68.0 a | 73.2 a | 78.9 b | 1.58 b | 96.4 ab | 9.5 b | 34.1 a | 51.1 a | 63.3 a | 3.2 a | 98.4 a |
RI-C | 14.0 a | 68.1 a | 73.2 a | 78.5 a | 1.57 b | 96.1 a | 9.4 b | 35.0 b | 50.9 a | 62.7 a | 2.8 a | 97.9 a |
SE | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
p-value | ns | ** | *** | *** | * | ns | * | * | ns | ns | ns | ns |
TE-N | 13.2 b | 64.8 c | 71.1 c | 78.8 b | 0.82 a | 97.1 b | 6.8 ab | 38.3 b | 51.3 a | 63.2 a | 2.4 a | 95.8 a |
TE-F | 12.3 a | 64.4 b | 70.7 b | 77.4 a | 0.95 a | 95.3 a | 7.4 b | 35.9 a | 50.6 a | 63.7 a | 2.2 a | 96.4 a |
TE-C | 12.4 a | 64.0 a | 70.3 a | 77.1 a | 1.23 b | 96.2 ab | 5.9 a | 37.7 b | 50.8 a | 63.5 a | 1.9 a | 95.9 a |
SE | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
p-value | * | ** | ** | ** | * | * | * | * | ns | ns | ns | ns |
CO-N | 8.8 a | 62.9 c | 70.7 c | 77.6 b | 1.2 a | 96.8 a | 6.3 a | 38.1 a | 51.2 a | 62.7 a | 3.5 a | 89.1 a |
CO-F | 8.5 a | 62.0 b | 70.2 b | 76.9 ab | 1.1 a | 97.7 a | 6.2 a | 38.8 a | 50.6 a | 62.5 a | 3.0 a | 89.5 a |
CO-C | 9.7 a | 61.0 a | 69.3 a | 76.3 a | 0.9 a | 97.8 a | 5.5 a | 37.8 a | 49.9 a | 62.4 a | 2.9 a | 90.3 a |
SE | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
p-value | ns | ** | ** | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
QU-N | 16.0 b | 62.3 a | 70.4 b | 79.6 b | 1.28 a | 94.6 a | 1.8 b | 25.2 a | 46.3 a | 61.0 a | 3.0 a | 89.5 b |
QU-F | 15.3 b | 62.2 a | 70.6 b | 79.3 b | 1.14 a | 95.0 a | 0.9 a | 30.6 b | 47.8 a | 59.7 a | 2.9 a | 86.2 a |
QU-C | 13.0 a | 61.8 a | 69.5 a | 78.3 a | 1.46 b | 94.2 a | 0.9 a | 31.2 b | 47.6 a | 60.3 a | 3.4 a | 86.5 a |
SE | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.08 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
p-value | * | ns | * | * | * | ns | ** | * | ns | ns | ns | * |
Sample | PT (°C) | PV (Pa · s) | TV (Pa · s) | BV (Pa · s) | FV (Pa · s) | SV (Pa · s) | τmax(Pa) | Cross over (Pa) | G₁′ (Pa) | a | G₁″ (Pa) | b | tan (δ)₁ | c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI-N | 82.1 a | 6.52 b | 2.43 a | 4.04 b | 5.03 c | 2.61 b | 219 a | 315 a | 214 b | 0.103 a | 37 b | 0.321 a | 0.172 a | 0.218 a |
RI-F | 85.0 b | 5.10 a | 2.25 a | 2.83 a | 4.48 b | 2.22 a | 224 a | 294 a | 164 a | 0.107 a | 28 a | 0.341 b | 0.171 a | 0.233 b |
RI-C | 84.8 b | 5.02 a | 2.22 a | 2.80 a | 4.25 a | 2.03 a | 226 a | 318 a | 141 a | 0.115 a | 26 a | 0.343 b | 0.183 a | 0.228 ab |
SE | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 0.004 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
p-value | ** | ** | ns | ** | *** | * | ns | ns | * | ns | ** | ** | ns | ns |
TE-N | 78.2 a | 2.04 b | 1.25 b | 0.78 c | 2.49 b | 1.24 b | 231 c | 322 c | 254 a | 0.08 a | 45 b | 0.314 a | 0.176 b | 0.23 a |
TE-F | 80.3 b | 1.64 a | 1.11 a | 0.53 a | 2.10 a | 0.99 a | 187 b | 232 b | 240 a | 0.05 a | 34 a | 0.310 a | 0.126 a | 0.27 a |
TE-C | 82.1 c | 2.11 b | 1.43 c | 0.71 b | 2.75 c | 1.32 b | 147 a | 210 a | 315 b | 0.07 a | 39 a | 0.317 a | 0.122 a | 0.25 a |
SE | 0.3 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.01 |
p-value | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ns | * | ns | *** | ns |
CO-N | 79.1 a | 1.48 a | 1.08 a | 0.32 a | 2.55 a | 1.47 a | 166 b | 228 b | 399 a | 0.071 b | 56 a | 0.227 b | 0.139 c | 0.157 a |
CO-F | 80.4 b | 1.56 ab | 1.09 a | 0.48 b | 2.60 a | 1.51 a | 90 a | 165 a | 394 a | 0.066 b | 52 a | 0.241 c | 0.132 b | 0.175 b |
CO-C | 80.9 c | 1.60 b | 1.29 b | 0.31 a | 3.06 b | 1.77 b | 225 c | 348 c | 645 b | 0.030 a | 65 b | 0.189 a | 0.101 a | 0.161 a |
SE | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 7 | 9 | 17 | 0.003 | 1 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
p-value | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | ** |
QU-N | 75.7 a | 1.21 a | 1.16 b | 0.04 a | 1.34 b | 0.176 b | 24 b | 53 b | 276 b | 0.040 a | 28 b | 0.261 a | 0.100 c | 0.22 a |
QU-F | 76.8 b | 1.13 a | 1.07 a | 0.06 a | 1.20 a | 0.132 a | 23 ab | 43 a | 217 a | 0.040 a | 17 a | 0.318 b | 0.079 a | 0.28 b |
QU-C | 77.8 c | 1.36 b | 1.32 c | 0.05 a | 1.66 c | 0.350 c | 16 a | 43 a | 295 b | 0.046 b | 26 b | 0.253 a | 0.089 b | 0.21 a |
SE | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.004 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.009 | 0.002 | 0.01 |
p-value | *** | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | ns | ** | ** | ** | *** | ** | *** | ** |
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Vela, A.J.; Villanueva, M.; Náthia-Neves, G.; Ronda, F. Impact of Solubilized Substances on the Techno-Functional, Pasting and Rheological Properties of Ultrasound-Modified Rice, Tef, Corn and Quinoa Flours. Foods 2023, 12, 484. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030484
Vela AJ, Villanueva M, Náthia-Neves G, Ronda F. Impact of Solubilized Substances on the Techno-Functional, Pasting and Rheological Properties of Ultrasound-Modified Rice, Tef, Corn and Quinoa Flours. Foods. 2023; 12(3):484. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030484
Chicago/Turabian StyleVela, Antonio J., Marina Villanueva, Grazielle Náthia-Neves, and Felicidad Ronda. 2023. "Impact of Solubilized Substances on the Techno-Functional, Pasting and Rheological Properties of Ultrasound-Modified Rice, Tef, Corn and Quinoa Flours" Foods 12, no. 3: 484. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030484