Presence of Foodborne Bacteria in Wild Boar and Wild Boar Meat—A Literature Survey for the Period 2012–2022
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Overview of Biological Hazards in Wild Boar and Their Impact on Food Safety and Security
3.2. Occurrence and Prevalence of Selected Zoonotic Bacteria in Wild Boar
3.2.1. Brucella
Prevalence/Frequency | Species | Matrix | Country | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
15.6% (15/96) | B. spp. | Sera | Italy (Tuscany) | serology | [28] |
5.74% (16/287) | B. spp. | Sera | Italy (Tuscany) | RBT, CFT | [29] |
5.1% (22/434) 13.5% (58/434) | B. spp. | Sera | Italy (Campania) | RBT ELISA | [30] |
0.53% (2/374) | B. spp. | Sera | Italy (Tuscany) | RBT, CFT | [31] |
6.2% (35/570) | B. spp. | Sera | Italy (Sardinina) | ELISA | [32] |
15% (19/126) | B. suis | Sera | Italy (Central) | serology | [33] |
59.3% (121/204) | B. spp. | Sera | Spain (Extremadura) | ELISA | [34] |
9.4% (45/480) | B. suis biovar 2 | Sera | Serbia | RBT, ELISA | [35] |
1.3% (42/3230) | B. spp. | Sera | Croatia | RBT; CFT; ELISA | [36] |
6.4% (131/2057) | B. spp. | Sera | Netherlands | ELISA | [37] |
0% (0/286) | B. suis | Blood | Sweden | ELISA | [38] |
9% (8/87) | B. spp. | Blood | Finland | RBT, ELISA; visceral organs from 5 seropos. animals available, in 4 of which B. suis biovar 2 was detected | [39] |
13.3% (139/1044) | B. suis | Sera | Latvia | RBT, CFT, ELISA, data corrected for O9-cross-reactivity | [17] |
0% (0/100) | B. spp. | Sera | South Africa | Warthog | [40] |
12.5% (1/8) | B. spp. | Sera | Kenya | Warthog; Antibody-ELISA | [41] |
0% (0/86) | B. spp. | Sera | Brazil | Agglutination, 2MET | [42] |
0% (0/61) | B. spp. | Sera | Brazil (Santa Catarina) | [43] | |
0.49% (1/205) | B. spp. | Blood | Brazil | Feral pigs; serology (BAPA, FPT) | [44] |
0% (0/15) | B. spp. | Blood | Colombia | Feral pigs | [45] |
2.2% (1/46) | B. spp. | Blood | Guam | Feral pigs; FPT | [46] |
0.7% (2/282) | B. abortus | Sera | USA (Oklahoma) | BAPA, RIV, FPT | [47] |
2.95% (7/238) | B. suis | Sera | Australia (NSW) | RBT, CFT | [48] |
9.6% (8/83) | B. suis | Blood | Australia (Queensland) | RBT, CFT | [49] |
0% (0/303) | B. spp. | Sera | Finland | RBT | [50] |
54.9% (641/1168) | B. spp. | Sera | Belgium | ELISA | [51] |
Prevalence/Frequency | Species | Matrix | Country | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
12.5% (1/8) | B. spp. | Sera | Kenya | Warthog; PCR | [41] |
1.4% (4/287) 1.7% (5/287) 2.2% 0% (0/287) | B. suis biovar 2 | Lymph nodes epididymides fetuses pooled livers, spleens | Italy (Tuscany) | DNA | [29] |
0.83% (2/240) | B. spp. | Inner organs | Denmark | culture | [52] |
3.8% (7/180) 10.5% (19/180) | B. spp. | Tonsils | Netherlands | culture PCR; confirmed as B. suis biovar 2 | [37] |
22% (19/87) | B. suis | Feces | USA (Georgia) | Feral pigs, PCR | [53] |
1.3% (5/389) | B. suis biovar 2 | Retropharyngeal lymph nodes | Italy | culture | [54] |
3.7% (7/188) | B. suis biovar 2 | Reproductive organs | Spain (Extremadura) | culture, PCR | [34] |
0% (0/238) | B. spp. | Blood | Australia (NSW) | culture | [48] |
3.2.2. Campylobacter
Prevalence/Frequency | Species | Matrix | Country | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
51.8% (29/56) | Campylobacter spp. | Feces | Italy | [63] | |
50% (38/76) 40.8% (31/76) | Campylobacter spp. C. lanienae | Feces | Italy | Campylobacter spp. with levels up to 10³ CFU/g was detected in 39.5% animals | [66] |
66% (188/287) | Campylobacter spp. | Feces | Spain | One isolate was identified as C. jejuni | [57] |
60.8% (79/130) 46.2% (60/130) 16.9% (22/130) 0.8% (1/130) 0% (0/130) | Campylobacter spp. C. lanienae C. coli C. hyointestinalis C. jejuni | Feces | Spain | 4% WB had both C. lanienae and C. coli, and 1% had both C. lanienae and C. hyointestinalis. All the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent considered | [59] |
38.9% (49/126) 69.4% (34/49) 16.3% (8/49) 4.1% (2/49) | Campylobacter spp. C. lanienae C. coli C. jejuni | Feces | Spain | [58] | |
19.51% (8/41) 4.88% (2/41) 0% (0/41) | Campylobacter spp. C. coli C. jejuni | Feces | Spain | [61] | |
43.8% (53/121) 25.6% (31/121) 17.4% (21/121) 0.8% (1/121) | Campylobacter spp. C. lanienae C. hyointestinalis C. jejuni | Feces | Japan | Five (16%) and 6 (29%) isolates of C. lanienae and C. hyointestinalis, respectively, were resistant to enrofloxacin | [67] |
22.1% (71/321) | C. hyointestinalis | Feces | Japan | [60] | |
12.5% (31/248) 9.7% (25/248) 1.2% (3/248) 0.8% (2/248) | Campylobacter spp. C. hyointestinalis C. lanienae C. coli | Feces | Japan | [56] | |
3.5% (13/370) 1.6% (6/370) | C. coli C. jejuni | Feces | USA | C. coli was significantly more frequent in female feral pigs | [68] |
0% (0/87) | C. jejuni | Feces | USA | [53] | |
16.7% (5/30) | Campylobacter spp. | Carcass | Italy | [63] | |
11.1% (4/36) | Campylobacter spp. | Carcass | Italy | [62] | |
0% (0/28) | Campylobacter spp. | Meat | Italy | [64] |
3.2.3. Coxiella burnetii—Q-Fever
3.2.4. Listeria monocytogenes
Prevalence/Frequency | Species | Matrix | Country | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0. 35% (1/287) | L. monocytogenes | Rectal swabs | Italy | L.m. serogroup IVb, serovar 4b; resistant to cefoxitin, cefotaxime and nalidixic acid | [85] |
68.5% (37/54) 35.3% (18/51) 26.7% (8/30) 0% (0/30) | Listeria spp. L. monocytogenes Listeria spp. L. monocytogenes | tonsils tonsils Carcass Carcass | Italy | prevalence influenced by animal age and environmental temperature | [63] |
48% (63/130) | L. monocytogenes | Spleen and kidneys | Finland | [39] | |
24.5% (12/49) | L. monocytogenes | Liver or tonsils or feces or intestinal lymph nodes, caecum content | Germany | Positive in at least one of the different matrices studied | [81] |
14.3% (7/49) | L. monocytogenes | Tonsils | Germany | [81] | |
2% (1/49) | L. monocytogenes | Liver and intestinal lymph nodes and caecum content and feces | Germany | The same animal resulted positive for L.m. in all the matrices analyzed | [81] |
51.8% (14/27) 40.7% (11/27) 0% (0/27) | Listeria spp. L. monocytogenes L. monocytogenes | Tonsils Tonsils Feces | Spain | [82] | |
37.3% (28/75) 0% (0/75) | Listeria spp. L. monocytogenes | Feces | Japan | [67] | |
0% (0/72) | L. monocytogenes | Carcass | Italy | [86] | |
65% (24/37) 24% (9/37) 32% (12/37) 8% (3/37) | Listeria spp. L. monocytogenes L. innocua L. welshimeri | Game meat cured sausages | Italy | L.m. < 10 cfu/g | [84] |
0% (0/40) | L. monocytogenes | Wild boar salami | Italy | [83] |
3.2.5. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
Prevalence/Frequency | Species | Country | Area | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
16.7% (5/30) | MTC | Malaysia | Selangor | Sampling in 2019–2020 Test used: bovine purified protein derivative (bPPD)-based indirect in-house ELISA | [127] |
17% (326/1902) | MTC | Spain | Basque Country | Sampling in 2010–2016 Test used: in house validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | [143] |
10.6% (46/434) | MTC | Italy | Campania Region | Sampling in 2012–2017 Test Used: Indirect ELISA INgezim Tuberculosis DR kit based on recombinant M. bovis protein (MPB83) | [92] |
2.4% (16/278) | MTC | Portugal | Several Counties | Sampling in 2006–2013 Test used: bPPD-based indirect in-house ELISA | [95] |
49.0% (49/100) | M. bovis | South Africa | uMhkuze Nature Reserve in Kwa-Zulu Natal, Marloth Park on the southern border of Kruger National Park in Mpumalanga | Sampling in 2013–2015 Test used: Indirect PPD ELISA and TB ELISA-VK® | [96] |
87.7% (36/41) | MTC | Spain | Montes de Toledo and Doñana National Park | Sampling in 2011–2013 Test used: bPPD-based indirect in-house ELISA Prevalence was obtained adding the number of animals with lesions at necroscopy to the number of positive serological samples | [132] |
0.0003% (1/2735) | MTC | USA | National survey | Sampling in 2007–2015 Test used: bPPD-based indirect ELISA | [137] |
2.4% (18/743) | MTC | Switzerland | Geneva, Mittelland, Jura, Thurgau, Tessin | Sampling in 2008–2013 Test used: bPPD-based indirect in-house ELISA | [109] |
5.9% (123/2080) | MTC | France | 58 Departments | Sampling in 2000–2004/2009–2010 Test used: bPPD-based indirect ELISA | [144] |
2.1% (22/1057) | MTC | Spain | Asturias and Galicia | Sampling in 2010–2012 Test used: bPPD-based indirect ELISA | [111] |
67.7% (87/130) | MTC | Spain | Andalusia | Sampling in 2006–2010 Test used: MPB83-ELISA | [115] |
Prevalence/Frequency | Species | Country | Area | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
37.7% (29/77) | M. bovis | Brasil | Rio Grande do Sul | Sampling in 2013–2019 Test used: DNA extraction from lungs, lymph nodes, liver, spleen and kidney followed by PCR | [91] |
1.1% (10/894) | MTC | Spain | Basque County | Sampling in 2010–2019 Test used: isolation from lymph nodes followed by real time PCR and spoligotyping of the isolates Positive cultures were detected only form head lymph nodes | [89] |
2.8% (5/176) | MTC (mainly M. microti) | Switzerland | Canton of Ticino | Sampling in 2017–2018 Test used: isolation from lymph nodes + direct PCR followed by MALDI-TOF MS identification High prevalence of N-MTC identification (57.4%) | [119] |
38.2% (21/55) | M. caprae | Poland | Bieszczady Mountains region | Sampling in 2011–2017 Test used: isolation form lymph nodes followed by PCR and spoligotyping of the isolates | [116] |
76.7% (946/1235) | Mycobacterium spp. | Spain | Doñana National Park | Sampling in 2006–2018 Test used: Visual inspection for TBLL | [133] |
1.6% (8/495) Culture 4.4% (17/386) PCR | M. bovis | France | Aquitaine, Côte d’Or and Corsica | Sampling 2014–2016 Test used: isolation or direct PCR form lymph nodes followed by spoligotyping of the isolates | [94] |
47.1% (16/34) | M. bovis | South Africa | Greater Kruger National Park | Sampling in 2015 Test used: Intradermal Tuberculin Test (ITT) on captured warthog. Lymph nodes bacterial culture followed by PCR identification | [97] |
2.4% (180/7634) | M. bovis | France | National scale (11 at-risk areas) | Sampling in 2011–2017 Test used: Lymph nodes bacterial culture followed by PCR identification Detected in 7 of the 11 at-risk areas | [98] |
37.0% (25/67) | M. bovis | South Africa | uMhkuze Nature Reserve in Kwa-Zulu Natal, Marloth Park on the southern border of Kruger National Park in Mpumalanga | Sampling in 2013–2015 Test used: Lymph nodes bacterial culture followed by PCR identification | [96] |
6.8% (19/280) | Mycobacterium spp. | Italy | Sicily | Sampling in 2004–2014 Test used: Visual inspection for TBLL. Tissue samples with TBLs were cultures followed by PCR identification. M. bovis was isolated from one sample | [100] |
16.2% (647/3963) | Mycobacterium spp. | Portugal | Idanha-a-Nova | Sampling in 2006–2016 Test used: Visual inspection for tuberculosis-like lesions (TBLL). Considered positive when at least in one organ or lymph node showed TBLs | [129] |
4.3% (329/7729) | MTC | Spain | Castilla y León | Sampling in 2011–2015 Test used: Lymph nodes bacterial culture followed by PCR identification | [134] |
2.5% (3/118) | M. bovis | South Korea | Gyeonggi Province | Sampling in 2011–2015 Test used: Lymph nodes and lung bacterial culture followed by PCR identification | [102] |
38.3% (16/41) | M. bovis | Portugal | Castelo Branco | Sampling in 2009–2013 Test used: first screening by visual inspection for TBLL (41/192 had lesions). Tissue samples with TBLs were cultures followed by PCR identification. | [105] |
18.2% (8/44) | Mycobacterium spp. | Slovenia | Different areas | Sampling in 2010–2013 Test used: Lymph nodes and liver bacterial culture followed by PCR identification. No MTC were isolated | [130] |
13.5% (36/267) | M. caprae | Hungary | South-Western Hungary | Sampling in 2008–2013 Test used: bacterial culture followed by PCR identification. | [117] |
33.9% (18/58) | M. bovis | Spain | Sevilla province | Sampling in 2012–2013 Test used: Lymph nodes bacterial culture followed by PCR identification and spoligotyping. The study was performed on wild boar piglets | [108] |
0% (0/9) | M. bovis | Brasil | Pantanal area | Test used: bacterial culture of unspecified feral pigs´ tissues followed by PCR identification | [145] |
25.2% (61/242) PCR 21.5% (52/242) RPFL | MTC | Italy | Lombardia Region | Sampling in 2002–2003 Test used: Lymph nodes histology, bacterial culture, PCR, RFLP M. microti in 52 samples and M. bovis in 2 samples by RFLS | [123] |
8.5% (51/602) PCR 5.8% (35/602) RFPL | M. microti | Italy | Lombardia Region | Sampling in 2006 Test used: Lymph nodes histology, bacterial culture, direct PCR, direct RFLP | [123] |
7.5% (23/307) Culture 64.2% (197/307) PCR 55.0% (169/307) RFPL | M. microti | Italy | Lombardia Region | Sampling in 2007–2011 (only wild boar with TBLL) Test used: Lymph nodes histology, bacterial culture, direct PCR, direct RFLP | [123] |
59% (1512/2562) | Mycobacterium spp. | Spain | Ciudad Real province | Sampling in 2008–2012 Test used: Visual inspection for TBLL in lymph nodes and organs. Generalised TBLs were detected in 51% of the subjects | [146] |
2.59% (33/1275) | MTC | Spain | Asturias and Galicia | Sampling in 2008–2012 Test used: lymph nodes and organs culture followed by PCR identification and spoligotyping of the isolates Number of M. bovis isolates = 19 and M. caprae isolates = 14 | [111] |
3.64% (6/165) | MTC | Switzerland and Liechtenstein | Geneva, Thurgovia, Saint Gall, Grisons, Tessin, Liechtenstein | Sampling in 2009–2011 Test used: lymph nodes and tonsil culture followed by PCR identification and spoligotyping of the isolates | [124] |
37.3% (293/785) | M. bovis | New Zealand | Different areas | Sampling in 1997–2007 Test used: Lymph nodes culture followed by PCR identification | [114] |
88.9% (16/18) | M. bovis | Spain | Andalusia | Sampling in 2006–2010 Test used: Culture of pool homogenate of lymph nodes and lungs followed by PCR and spoligotyping of the isolates | [115] |
13.3% (2/15) | M. bovis | Italy | Test used: Culture and PCR of swab samples on muscle surface of wild boar without TBLL | [142] | |
8.7 R0 | Mycobacterium spp. | Spain and Portugal | 29 sites | Metadata analyses from 2010–2019. Test used: gross pathology and culture Reproduction number (R0) defined considering prevalence in the host species, MTC excretion in infected host species, abundance of the host species, transmission rate to host species | [138] |
3.2.6. Salmonella
3.2.7. Staphylococcus aureus
3.2.8. Verotoxinogenic/Shigatoxinogenic E. coli
Prevalence/Frequency | Species | Matrix | Country | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
14% (8/56) | STEC (stx2) | Feces | Portugal | Culture and PCR, WGS | [200] |
6.9% (37/536) | STEC | Feces | Germany | Culture, PCR | [167] |
1.9% (9/474) | STEC O157 | Feces | Japan | Culture, PCR | [201] |
6.5% (13/200) | STEC | Feces | Italy (Tuscany) | Culture, PCR | [202] |
1.2% (3/248) | STEC | Feces | Japan | Culture, PCR | [56] |
28.3% (43/152) | STEC | Feces | Poland | Culture, PCR; includes STEC and AE-STEC | [203] |
4.8% (1/21) | STEC | Feces | Portugal | Culture, PCR | [204] |
3.33% (3/90) | STEC | Feces | Spain | Culture, PCR | [205] |
3.4% (4/117) | E. coli O157 | Feces | Spain | Culture | [206] |
0% (0/88) | E. coli O157:H7 | Tonsils, lymph nodes, feces | Finland | Culture, PCR | [172] |
0% (0/121) | STEC O157, O26 | Feces | Japan | Culture, PCR | [67] |
0% (0/301) | STEC O157 | Feces | Spain | Culture, PCR | [57] |
Prevalence/Frequency | Species | Matrix | Country | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
42.9% (12/28) | STEC (stx1+ stx2+eae) | Meat (foreleg) | Italy (Campania) | Culture, PCR (27/28 eae positive) | [64] |
0% (0/128) | STEC | Meat | Japan | Culture | [179] |
0% (0/310) | STEC O157 | Meat | Spain | Culture, PCR | [57] |
5.3% (3/57) | STEC | Meat and meat products | Spain | Culture, PCR | [207] |
3.2.9. Yersinia
Prevalence/Frequency | Country | Area | Matrix | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% (0/107) | Italy | Valle d’Aosta Region | Feces | Sampling in 2015–2018 Test used: PCR | [214] |
85.7% (12/36) | Italy | Campania Region | Carcass | Sampling in 2019 Test used: bacterial isolation and SYBR green PCR-assay for ystA and ystB genes. 12 animals carried ystB gene, and 3 animals both ystA and ystB genes | [62] |
64.3% (9/36) | Tonsils | ||||
71.4% (10//36) | Muscle | ||||
0.01% (1/110) | Tunisia | Ariana, Bizerte, Manouba, Nabeul and Siliana | Feces | Sampling in 2018–2020 Test used: bacterial isolation and biochemical identification | [215] |
0% (0/64) | Italy | Parma and Bologna province | Carcass and Mesenteric lymph nodes | Sampling in 2020 Test used: bacterial isolation and biochemical identification | [165] |
2.6% (126/4890) | Italy | Liguria Region | Liver | Sampling in 2013–2018 Test used: bacterial isolation, Serotyping and Real Time PCR for virulence genes. Biotype 1A was the most isolated (92.9%), then biotype 1B (6.3%) and 2 (0.8%) | [216] |
18.8% (54/287) | Italy | Tuscany Region | Rectal swab | Sampling in 2018–2020 Test used: bacterial isolation, biochemical identification. and Real Time PCR for virulence Genes. Identification of gene ystA in 14 out of 54 isolates, inv in 13, ail in 12, ystB in 10 and virF in 8 | [85] |
56.4% (102/181) | Finland | 12 out of 19 regions | Blood | Sampling in 2016 Test used: seroprevalence ELISA test. | [39] |
16.9% (22/130) | Spleen and kidneys | Test used: Organs: real-time PCR based on SYBRGreen for ail gene | |||
6.2% (19/305) | Italy | Parma and Piacenza provinces | Feces | Sampling in 2017–2019 Test used: bacterial isolation, biochemical identification, and Real Time PCR for virulence Genes. All isolates belonged to biotype 1A | [217] |
3.3% (10/305) | Mesenteric lymph nodes | ||||
74.1% (40/54) | Japan | Not specified | Feces | Sampling in 2014–2016 Test used: bacterial isolation, biochemical identification. Prevalence is reported for Yersinia spp. 97.4% of the Y. enterocolitica isolates belonged to biotype 1A | [218] |
13.6% (3/22) | Italy | Campania region | Muscle | Sampling in 2017 Test used: bacterial isolation, biochemical identification, and Real Time PCR for virulence Genes. All isolates present only ystB gene | [178] |
6.7% (6/90) | Sweden | 13 counties in southern Sweden | Feces | Sampling in 2014–2016 Test used: bacterial isolation, and Real Time PCR for ail gene | [219] |
14.0% (19/136) | Tonsils | ||||
4.4% (4/90) | Mesenteric lymph nodes | ||||
25.3% (110/434) | Poland | 12 out of 16 Polish regions | Rectal swab | Sampling in 2013–2014 Test used: bacterial isolation, and multiplex PCR for ail, ystA and ystB genes. 92.5% of the isolates belong to biotype 1A | [220] |
0% (0/42) | Italy | Tuscany Region | Muscle | Sampling in 2013–2014 Test used: bacterial isolation, and biochemical identification | [181] |
65.9% (89/135) | Czech Republic | Moravian Regions | Blood | Sampling in 2013–2014 Test used: ELISA | [221] |
55.5% (11/20) | Poland | North-East Poland | Swab samples from tonsils area, peritoneum and perineum | Sampling in 2013 Test used: bacterial isolation, and biochemical identification biotyping, serotyping and molecular characterisation. 90.5% of the isolates belong to biotype 1A | [222] |
33.3% (24/72) | Spain | Basque Country | Tonsils | Sampling in 2001–2012 Test used: bacterial isolation, biochemical identification, and molecular characterization | [223] |
15.3% (17/111) | Germany | Lower saxony | Tonsils | Sampling in 2013–2014 Test used: bacterial isolation, MALDI-TOF identification, Real Time PCR for virulence Genes. 89.55% of the isolates belong to biotype 1A | [224] |
20.5% (18/88) | Sweden | Central Sweden | Feces and Ileocecal lymph nodes and tonsils | Sampling in 2010–2011 Test used: bacterial isolation, and multiplex PCR for ail gene | [219] |
27.3% (18/66) | Spain | Basque Country | Tonsils | Sampling in 2010–2012 Test used: bacterial isolation, and biochemical identification and direct real time PCR with new enrichment protocol | [225] |
0% (0/3) | Argentina | San Luis city | Tonsils and tongue | Sampling in 2008–2012 Test used: bacterial isolation and biochemical identification | [173] |
14.8% (34/230) | Italy | Viterbo Province | Muscle | Sampling in 2012–2013 Test used: bacterial isolation, and multiplex PCR for ail gene | [157] |
4.2% (3/72) | Italy | Upper Susa valley Piedmont Region | Carcass | Sampling in Test used: bacterial isolation, biochemical identification and molecular characterisation for inv, ail and yst genes. ail and yst genes were not detected | [86] |
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agent/Disease | Type | Zoonotic | EU Zoonoses Directive | OIE Listed | n, Period 2012–2022 | n, period 2012–2016 | n, period 2017–2022 | Average /Year, Period 2012–2016 | Average/Year, Period 2017–2022 | Ratio of Averages |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
African Swine Fever | V | n | y | 499 | 58 | 441 | 11.6 | 73.5 | 6.3 | |
Aujeszky’s Disease | V | n | y | 108 | 43 | 65 | 8.6 | 10.8 | 1.3 | |
CSF | V | n | y | 158 | 54 | 104 | 10.8 | 17.3 | 1.6 | |
Foot and Mouth Disease | V | n | y | 35 | 13 | 22 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 1.4 | |
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome | V | n | y | 62 | 27 | 35 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 1.1 | |
West Nile Fever | V | n | y | 17 | 4 | 13 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 2.7 | |
Hepatitis A | V | y | f | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Influenza | V | y | f | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Japan Encephalitis | V | y | y | 21 | 6 | 15 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 2.1 | |
Rabies | V | y | f | y | 19 | 6 | 13 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 1.8 |
Paratuberculosis | B | n | y | 9 | 7 | 2 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | |
Bacillus anthracis | B | y | y | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |
Borrelia | B | y | f | 30 | 9 | 21 | 1.8 | 3.5 | 1.9 | |
Brucella | B | y | m | y | 95 | 36 | 59 | 7.2 | 9.8 | 1.4 |
Campylobacter | B | y | m | 22 | 7 | 15 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 1.8 | |
Clostridium | B | y | f (C. botulinum) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Francisella | B | y | y | 12 | 6 | 6 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.8 | |
Leptospira | B | y | f | 55 | 17 | 36 | 3.4 | 6.0 | 1.8 | |
Listeria | B | y | m | 12 | 3 | 9 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 2.5 | |
Q-Fever | B | y | y | 23 | 7 | 16 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.9 | |
Salmonella | B | y | m | 80 | 25 | 55 | 5.0 | 9.2 | 1.8 | |
St. aureus | B | y | * | 27 | 10 | 17 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 1.4 | |
Tuberculosis | B | y | m (M. bovis), f (others) | 214 | 97 | 117 | 19.4 | 19.5 | 1.0 | |
Verotoxinogenic E. coli | B | y | m | 27 | 10 | 17 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 1.4 | |
Yersinia | B | y | f | 40 | 13 | 27 | 2.6 | 4.5 | 1.7 | |
Cryptosporidium | P | y | f | 18 | 5 | 13 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | |
Cysticercus | P | y | f | y | 9 | 2 | 7 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 2.9 |
Echinococcus | P | y | m | y | 47 | 12 | 35 | 2.4 | 5.8 | 2.4 |
Toxoplasma | P | y | f | 90 | 35 | 55 | 7.0 | 9.2 | 1.3 | |
Trichinella | P | y | m | y | 167 | 67 | 100 | 13.4 | 16.7 | 1.2 |
Prevalence/Frequency | Matrix | Country | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
0% (0/100) | Spleen | Italy (Central) | PCR | [73] |
0% (0/93) 0% (0/176) | Spleen Ticks | Italy | PCR | [74] |
5.1% (6/117) | Blood of dogs | Italy (Central) | PCR | [72] |
0.48% (2/411) | Ticks | Italy (South) | Ticks collected from hunters and dogs | [71] |
0% (0/40) feeding ticks 0% (0/489) questing ticks | Ticks | Spain (Northwest) | PCR | [75] |
5.5% (4/73) | Serum | Spain (Northwest) | antibodies | [70] |
1.9% (9/484) | Spleen | Spain (North) | PCR | [69] |
0% (0/2256) 0% (0/167) | Ticks Spleen | Spain | Near to Barcelona, a highly populated area | [76] |
0% (0/8) | Serum | Kenya | antibodies Serology (ELISA) | [41] |
0% (0/67) | Blood | Brazil | [77] | |
5% (4/79) | Ticks | Thailand | PCR | [78] |
18.3% (19/104) | Serum of dogs | Australia | Queensland | [79] |
Prevalence/Frequency | Species | Matrix | Country | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.1% (13/425) 0.2% (1/425) | Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. | Feces Mesenteric lymph nodes | Serbia | S. Enteritidis was the main serotype identified | [163] |
3.1% (4/130) | S. enterica | Feces | Spain | Serotype identified were monophasic S. Typhimurium, S. Bardo, S. Enteritidis | [59] |
35.6% (32/90) 17.8% (16/90) | Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. | Feces Lymph nodes | Italy | 46.7% (42/90) animals were positive in feces or lymph nodes, of which 11.9% (5/42) were positive at the same time in both matrices. S. Abony, S. Newport, S. Agona, S. Derby, S. Hermannswerder, S. Saintpaul, S. Elomrane, S. salamae were identified | [164] |
7.8% (5/64) 4.7% (3/64) | Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. | Mesenteric lymph nodes Carcass | Italy | Sampling from game-handling establishment, game collection point and slaughterhouse | [165] |
6% (260/4335) | Salmonella spp. | Liver | Italy | Sampling in 2013–2017. Isolated strains belonged to all six Salmonella enterica subspecies and the main serotype was S. Enteritidis | [166] |
4.18% (12/287) | Salmonella spp. | Liver or spleen or rectal swab | Italy | S. diarizonae, S. houtenae, S. Newport, S. Kottbus, S. London, S. Infantis, S. Rubislaw were identified. | [85] |
2.4% (13/552) | Salmonella spp. | Feces | Germany | S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Stanleyville, were identified | [167] |
5% (6/130) | Salmonella spp. | Spleen and kidney | Finland | [39] | |
0% (0/115) | Salmonella spp. | Feces | Denmark | [52] | |
15.9% (30/189) 3.2% (6/189) | Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. | Mesenteric lymph nodes Feces | Italy | Three animals were positive in both samples | [168] |
18.69% (40/214) 5.06% (21/415) 2.98% (25/838) | Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. | Tonsils Submandibular lymph nodes Feces | Spain | Sampling in 2010–2015 From 148 wild boars the 3 matrices were collected in the same animals and 27.02% (40/148) of them were positive to Salmonella spp. (31/148 tonsils, 12/148 lymph nodes, 2/148 feces) but none of them were positive in the three samples simultaneously | [169] |
7% (4/57) 3.5% (2/57) | S. enterica S. enterica | Feces Mesenteric lymph glands | Italy | S. Thompson and S. Braenderup were identified | [63] |
43.9% (194/442) | Salmonella spp. | Feces | USA | Sampling from 2013 to 2015. Main serovars identified were S. Montevideo, S. Newport and S. Give | [170] |
5% (1/21) | Salmonella spp. | Feces | Portugal | [171] | |
5.1% (9/175) 1.8% (1/56) 1.1% (1/88) | Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. | Tonsils Ileocaecal lymph nodes Feces | Sweden | S. enterica and S. diarizonae were identified | [172] |
33.3% (1/3) 33.3% (1/3) | Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. | Tonsils Tongue | Argentina | Tonsils carried both S. Gaminara and S. Newport, while only S. Gaminara were isolated from tongue | [173] |
5% 2/40 | S. enterica | Feces | Spain | Salmonella enterica serotype Anatum and Corvallis were isolated | [61] |
7.4% (9/121) | Salmonella spp. | Feces | Japan | S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Agona (3), S. Narashino (2), S. Enteritidis (1), S. Havana (1), S. Infantis (1), and S. Thompson (1) were obtained | [67] |
0.3% (1/333) | Salmonella spp. | Feces | Spain | One animal was positive in both carcass and feces samples. S. Bardo, S. Montevideo, S. arizonae III (16:i,v:1,5,7) and S. Typhimurium were identified | [57] |
10.8% (54/499) | Salmonella spp. | Feces | Italy | S. enterica subsp. salamae II, S. enterica subsp. diarizonae III b, S. enterica subsp. houtenae IV and S. Fischerhuette were the most common isolated | [162] |
24.82% (326/1313) | Salmonella spp. | Feces | Italy | Sampling from 2007 to 2010 S. enterica subsp. enterica was the main serovar isolated (79.5%) | [174] |
15.4% (33/214) | Salmonella spp. | Feces | Spain | [175] |
Prevalence/Frequency | Species | Matrix | Country | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.7% (1/36) 0% (0/36) | Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. | Meat Carcass | Italy | [62] | |
35.7% (10/28) | Salmonella spp. | Meat | Italy | S. Veneziana, S. Kasenyi, S. Coeln, S. Manhattan, S. Thompson and S. Stanleyville were identified | [64] |
2.5% (3/121) | Salmonella spp. | Carcass | Italy | Two S. Stanleyville and one S. Typhimurium were identified | [176] |
1.1% (1/90) | Salmonella spp. | Carcass | Italy | [164] | |
0% (0/37) | Salmonella spp. | Meat | Italy | Meat cut sampled were fillet and legquarter | [177] |
31.82% (7/22) | Salmonella spp. | Meat | Italy | S. Stanleyville, monophasic S. Typhimurium, and S. Kasenyi were identified | [178] |
0% (0/30) | S. enterica | Carcass | Italy | [63] | |
0% (0/128) | Salmonella spp. | Meat | Japan | [179] | |
1.4% (3/210) 1.9% (4/210) | Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. | Skin Carcass | Serbia | [180] | |
4.55% (1/22) | Salmonella spp. | Meat | Italy | Meat cut sampled was Longissimus dorsi muscle | [181] |
1.2% (4/333) | Salmonella spp. | Carcass | Spain | One animal was positive in both carcass and feces samples | [57] |
0% (0/72) | Salmonella spp. | Carcass | Italy | [86] |
Prevalence/Frequency | Species | Matrix | Country | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
36.9% (41/111) | S. aureus | Nasal swab | Germany | MRSA were not detected | [189] |
33% (30/90) | S. aureus | Oral and nasal swab | Portugal | 7 isolates showed resistance to at least one of the antibiotics tested; 1 MRSA CC398 (spa-type t899) was identified | [185] |
32.2% (57/177) | S. aureus | Nasal swab | Portugal | Isolates were resistant to all antimicrobials tested, except of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin | [190] |
17.8% (66/371) 13.7% (51/371) 1.96% (1/51) | CoPS S. aureus MRSA | Nasal swab | Spain | 74.5% isolates were susceptible to all the antimicrobials analyzed, 19.6% were resistant to penicillin and 9.8% were resistant to streptomycin | [191] |
17.67% (126/713) | MSSA | Skin and/or nasal swabs | Spain | [187] | |
6.8% (8/117) | S. aureus | Nasal swabs | Germany | No antibiotic resistance was detected | [192] |
3.2% (23/697) | S. aureus | Lymph nodes | Italy | MRSA were not detected | [188] |
0.87% (5/577) | MRSA | Nasal swab | Germany | [167] | |
0.86% (7/817) | MRSA | Skin and nasal swabs | Spain | 8 isolates were identified from 7 positive animals: 3 from nasal swabs and 5 from skin swabs. One animal was MRSA positive for both skin and nasal swabs | [186] |
0% (0/90) | MRSA | Nasal swab | Spain | [193] | |
0% (0/439) | MRSA | Nasal swab | Germany | [194] | |
0% (0/244) | MRSA | Nasal swab | Denmark | [52] |
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Altissimi, C.; Noé-Nordberg, C.; Ranucci, D.; Paulsen, P. Presence of Foodborne Bacteria in Wild Boar and Wild Boar Meat—A Literature Survey for the Period 2012–2022. Foods 2023, 12, 1689. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081689
Altissimi C, Noé-Nordberg C, Ranucci D, Paulsen P. Presence of Foodborne Bacteria in Wild Boar and Wild Boar Meat—A Literature Survey for the Period 2012–2022. Foods. 2023; 12(8):1689. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081689
Chicago/Turabian StyleAltissimi, Caterina, Clara Noé-Nordberg, David Ranucci, and Peter Paulsen. 2023. "Presence of Foodborne Bacteria in Wild Boar and Wild Boar Meat—A Literature Survey for the Period 2012–2022" Foods 12, no. 8: 1689. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081689