Isoflavone Content and Nutritional-Related Properties of Debittered Seeds from Two Andean Lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) Ecotypes Propagated in Two Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Phase I: L. mutabilis Propagation
2.1.1. Plant Material
2.1.2. Germination and Propagation
2.2. Phase II: Chemical Characterization of L. mutabilis Seeds Harvested from Propagated Plants
2.2.1. Raw Seed Protein Determination
2.2.2. Raw Seed Hydroalcoholic Extraction under Acidic Hydrolysis
2.2.3. Alkaloid Removal Process (Debittering)
- I.
- neutral extractant, i.e., the boiling water was replaced by fresh recirculating water (1:3 seed/water ratio), using a Daihan Maxircu-CH 12 bath circulator (DKSH Holding Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland), and the seed residue was maintained for several h at 16 °C until alkaloid depletion. The water was changed three times a day (i.e., every 8 h), using the 1:3 seed/water ratio. Plastic mesh bags (0.5 mm mesh) were used to store the seeds during extraction. The resulting alkaloid-free seeds were labeled with the subscript acronym “af” (i.e., LCaf-sl, LPaf-sl, LCaf-scl, LPaf-scl, LPaf-sl) to code the alkaloid removal.
- II.
- acidic extractant, i.e., the boiling water was replaced by 0.5 M citric acid solution. Extraction conditions were identical to those described for water (neutral extraction). This acidic process was only performed with LC-sl seeds for comparative purposes, and the resulting extract was denoted as LCaf-sl + A.
2.2.4. Alkaloid Extraction for Quantitative Purposes
2.2.5. GC-MS and GC-FID Analyses
2.2.6. Protein Determination of Alkaloid-Free Seeds
2.2.7. Hydroalcoholic Extraction from Alkaloid-Free L. mutabilis Seeds
2.2.8. Total Phenolic Content
2.2.9. LC-MS Analysis of Seed-Derived Extracts
2.2.10. Antioxidant Capacity
2.2.11. Iron Content
2.3. Phase III: Determination of the Emulsifying Capacity of a Lupin-Seed-Based Drink Formulation
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Phase I: Propagation of Two L. mutabilis Ecotypes Using Two Soil Types
3.2. Chemical Characterization of Raw Seeds from Propagated L. mutabilis Plants
3.2.1. Raw Seed Protein Determination
3.2.2. LC-MS Analysis of L. mutabilis Raw Seed-Derived Extracts
3.3. Alkaloid Removal Process and Protein Measurements in Alkaloid-Free L. mutabilis Seeds
3.4. LC-MS-Based Isoflavone Analysis
3.5. Total Phenolic Contents of Alkaloid-Free L. mutabilis Seeds
3.6. Antioxidant Capacity of Alkaloid-Free L. mutabilis Seeds
3.7. Iron Content of Alkaloid-Free L. mutabilis Seeds
3.8. Emulsifying Capacity of Lupin Seed-Based Protein
4. Discussion
5. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Characteristic | Sandy Clay Loam (scl) Soil | Silty Loam (sl) Soil |
---|---|---|
pH | 4.79 | 5.76 |
Electric conductivity (dS/m) | 0.22 | 0.29 |
Cation exchange capacity (meq/100 g) | 11.9 | 14.4 |
Mean humidity saturation (%) | 23.9 | 41.9 |
Oxidable organic carbon (%) | 0.708 | 9.72 |
Organic matter (%) | 1.22 | 16.8 |
Total nitrogen (%) | 0.059 | 0.810 |
Apparent density (g/cm3) | 0.956 | 0.616 |
Clay texture (%) | 32.0 | 18.0 |
Sand texture (%) | 50.0 | 14.0 |
Silt texture (%) | 18.0 | 68.0 |
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Silty Loam (sl) Soil | Sandy Clay Loam (scl) Soil | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
LC a | LP b | LC a | LP b | |
Pod size (cm) | 8.1 ± 1.8 A | 6.5 ± 1.3 A | 7.3 ± 1.6 A | 5.7 ± 1.4 A |
Seed dry weight (g) | 0.39 ± 0.04 A | 0.31 ± 0.03 B | 0.33 ± 0.02 AB | 0.25 ± 0.02 C |
Seed diameter (mm) | 9.9 ± 0.3 A | 9.2 ± 0.6 AB | 9.7 ± 0.4 AB | 8.9 ± 0.4 B |
Samples a | Ext b | RCT c | WV d | PCi e | PCf f | PL g | DML h | TACi i | TACf j |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LC-sl | W | 195 | 7.0 | 48.9 ± 0.7 | 39.1 ± 1.7 | 9.8 | 27.5 ± 1.3 | 236.5 ± 2.4 | <LoD k |
LC-scl | W | 187 | 6.7 | 47.1 ± 0.7 | 37.7 ± 1.6 | 9.4 | 27.4 ± 0.9 | 190.5 ± 1.9 | <LoD k |
LP-sl | W | 187 | 6.7 | 47.4 ± 0.8 | 38.8 ± 1.1 | 8.6 | 32.1 ± 1.1 | 187.6 ± 2.5 | <LoD k |
LP-scl | W | 187 | 6.7 | 45.3 ± 0.7 | 36.6 ± 1.5 | 8.7 | 31.3 ± 1.3 | 175.4 ± 2.1 | <LoD k |
LC-sl + A | A | 139 | 4.9 | 48.9 ± 0.7 | 24.3 ± 0.7 | 24.6 | 38.1 ± 1.5 | 206.5 ± 2.4 | <LoD k |
# a | tR (min) b | [M + H]+ m/z | [M − H]− m/z | Accurate Mass | Error c | Formula | λmax d | Annotation e |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.8 | 305 | 303 | 303.0512 | 2.3 | C15H10O7 | 275,329 | dihydroxygenistein |
2 | 2.9 | 319 | 317 | 317.0674 | 4.1 | C16H12O7 | 271,331 | dihydroxymutabilein |
3 | 4.5 | 289 | 287 | 287.0569 | 4.5 | C15H10O6 | 269,329 | hydroxygenistein |
4 | 8.8 | 273 | 271 | 271.0614 | 3.0 | C15H10O5 | 267,339 | apigenin |
5 | 14.4 | 273 | 271 | 271.0611 | 1.8 | C15H10O5 | 262,328 | genistein |
6 | 16.3 | 303 | 301 | 301.0721 | 3.0 | C16H12O6 | 270,326 | hydroxymutabilein |
7 | 16.5 | 317 | 315 | 315.0855 | −4.4 | C17H14O6 | 264,323 | methoxymutabilein |
8 | 17.6 | 287 | 285 | 285.0751 | −4.2 | C16H12O5 | 266,325 | mutabilein |
9 | 21.8 | 373 | 371 | 371.1146 | 4.0 | C20H18O7 | 277,329 | lupinisoflavone D or B |
10 | 22.0 | 357 | 355 | 355.1173 | −2.5 | C20H18O6 | 278,331 | luteone |
11 | 32.6 | 341 | 339 | 339.1246 | 4.1 | C20H18O5 | 278,330 | lupiwighteone |
# a | LCaf-sl b | LCaf-scl b | LPaf-sl b | LPaf-scl b | LCaf-sl + A b | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 23.2 ± 1.0 B | 18.5 ± 0.6 D | 25.5 ± 1.1 A | 21.5 ± 1.1 C | 17.4 ± 0.5 D | |
2 | 12.2 ± 0.6 A | 9.6 ± 0.3 C | 12.4 ± 0.4 A | 10.7 ± 0.3 B | 9.2 ± 0.2 C | Hm c |
3 | 4.2 ± 0.1 A | 3.5 ± 0.1C | 4.4 ± 0.2 A | 3.8 ± 0.1 B | 1.9 ± 0.1 D | H |
4 | 4.8 ± 0.1 C | 6.0 ± 0.2 B | 5.0 ± 0.2 C | 6.7 ± 0.2 A | 4.9 ± 0.2 C | |
5 | 15.5 ± 0.7 C | 16.3 ± 0.7 C | 18.4 ± 0.6 B | 18.9 ± 0.6 B | 22.4 ± 0.5 A | |
6 | 3.2 ± 0.1 C | 1.4 ± 0.1 D | 4.4 ± 0.1 B | 3.0 ± 0.1 C | 6.2 ± 0.3 A | M |
7 | 5.1 ± 0.1 C | 2.7 ± 0.1 E | 7.8 ± 0.4 B | 4.0 ± 0.1 D | 17.1 ± 0.6 A | |
8 | 51.0 ± 3.0 C | 38.3 ± 1.6 E | 61.0 ± 1.6 B | 47.5 ± 1.3 D | 104.3 ± 4.6 A | |
9 | 2.4 ± 0.1 B | 1.3 ± 0.1 C | 3.2 ± 0.1 A | 2.4 ± 0.1 B | 0.8 ± 0.1 D | L |
10 | 5.6 ± 0.2 B | 3.5 ± 0.1 C | 7.0 ± 0.1 A | 5.5 ± 0.1 B | 3.1 ± 0.1 D | |
11 | 26.7 ± 0.5 B | 22.6 ± 1.1 C | 32.1 ± 1.2 A | 26.5 ± 1.0 B | 11.0 ± 0.3 D | |
Total d | 154.0 ± 6.6 C | 123.6 ± 4.8 D | 181.4 ± 5.6 B | 150.6 ± 4.9 C | 198.3 ± 7.3 A |
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Urrego-Pava, F.; Coy-Barrera, E. Isoflavone Content and Nutritional-Related Properties of Debittered Seeds from Two Andean Lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) Ecotypes Propagated in Two Soils. Foods 2023, 12, 1841. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091841
Urrego-Pava F, Coy-Barrera E. Isoflavone Content and Nutritional-Related Properties of Debittered Seeds from Two Andean Lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) Ecotypes Propagated in Two Soils. Foods. 2023; 12(9):1841. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091841
Chicago/Turabian StyleUrrego-Pava, Francisco, and Ericsson Coy-Barrera. 2023. "Isoflavone Content and Nutritional-Related Properties of Debittered Seeds from Two Andean Lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) Ecotypes Propagated in Two Soils" Foods 12, no. 9: 1841. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091841