Evaluating the Stability and Digestibility of Long-Chain Omega-3 Algal Oil Nanoemulsions Prepared with Lecithin and Tween 40 Emulsifiers Using an In Vitro Digestion Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Preparation of Lecithin (LE), and Combined LE/Tween 40 (LTN) Algal Oil Nanoemulsions and Algal Oil Mix
2.2.2. In Vitro Digestion Model
2.2.3. Measurement of Droplet Size
2.2.4. Isolation of the Aqueous Phase from Digested Fluid
2.2.5. Extraction of Lipid of Aqueous Phase
2.2.6. Determination of Fatty Acid Composition by GC
2.2.7. GC-FID Analysis
2.2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Droplet Size and Stability Measurements of Algal Oil Mix and Nanoemulsions
3.2. Droplet Size Distribution of the LTN Nanoemulsion and Algal Oil Mix during In Vitro Digestion
3.3. The Droplet Size Distribution of the Aqueous Phase of LTN Nanoemulsion and Algal Oil Mix Samples after Digestion
3.4. Digestibility of DHA of LTN Nanoemulsion and Algal Oil Mix during In Vitro Digestion
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | SGF | SDF | SBF | Final Mixture |
---|---|---|---|---|
(mM) | (mM) | (mM) | (mM) | |
NaCl | 94.2 | 240 | 180 | 130.5 |
NaH2PO4 | 4.4 | - | - | 1.4 |
NaHCO3 | - | 80 | 137 | 45.7 |
KCl | 22.1 | 15.1 | 10 | 13 |
KH2PO4 | - | 1.2 | - | 0.4 |
CaCl2·2H2O | 5.4 | 2.7 | 3 | 3 |
NH4Cl | 11.4 | - | - | 3.5 |
MgCl2 | - | 0.5 | - | 0.2 |
Total | 137.6 | 340 | 330 | 197.5 |
pH | 1.3 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 6.5 |
Algal Oil Mix | LE Nanoemulsion | LTN Nanoemulsion | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean droplet size (d32 (µm)) | 73.6 ± 6.98 | 0.340 ± 0.00 a | 0.267 ± 0.00 a |
Span | 1.24 | 2.91 | 1.78 |
LTN Nanoemulsion | Algal Oil Mix | |
---|---|---|
Digestion Stage | d32 (µm) | d32 (µm) |
Before digestion | 0.267 ± 0.00 | 73.6 ± 6.98 |
Gastric 5 min | 0.245 ± 0.00 | 50.1 ± 1.81 c |
Gastric 60 min | 0.238 ± 0.01 | 28.83 ± 0.06 cd |
Duodenal 5 min | 0.326 ± 0.01 | 27.30 ± 0.30 cd |
Duodenal 60 min | 14.20 ± 0.26 a | 21.67 ± 0.57 cd |
Duodenal 120 min | 10.31 ± 0.52 ab | 19.82 ± 0.10 cd |
Duodenal 180 min | 8.87 ± 2.56 ab | 18.97 ± 8.19 cd |
Fatty Acid Sample | Myristic (%) | Palmitic (%) | Oleic (%) | Linoleic (%) | DPA (%) | DHA (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before digestion | 5.39 ± 0.68 | 17.12 ± 2.33 | 16.37 ± 2.14 | 4.98 ± 0.71 | 16.74 ± 1.89 | 39.40 ± 4.15 |
Aqueous phase of digested LTN | 3.53 ± 0.04 | 11.15 ± 0.48 | 28.17 ± 0.57 a | 12.53 ± 0.32 a | 15.74 ± 0.58 | 28.89 ± 0.74 a |
Aqueous phase of digested algal oil mix | 5.83 ± 0.20 | 19.06 ± 0.53 | 29.38 ± 0.62 a | 15.34 ± 0.36 ab | 10.46 ± 0.39 ab | 19.95 ± 0.40 ab |
Before Digestion DHA/LTN and Algal Oil Mix | Digested DHA/LTN | Digested DHA/ Algal Oil Mix | |
---|---|---|---|
DHA (mg/g) | 162.12 ± 17.07 | 47.34 ± 3.14 a | 16.53 ± 0.45 ab |
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Zhou, Q.; Lane, K.E.; Li, W. Evaluating the Stability and Digestibility of Long-Chain Omega-3 Algal Oil Nanoemulsions Prepared with Lecithin and Tween 40 Emulsifiers Using an In Vitro Digestion Model. Foods 2024, 13, 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13152407
Zhou Q, Lane KE, Li W. Evaluating the Stability and Digestibility of Long-Chain Omega-3 Algal Oil Nanoemulsions Prepared with Lecithin and Tween 40 Emulsifiers Using an In Vitro Digestion Model. Foods. 2024; 13(15):2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13152407
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Qiqian, Katie E. Lane, and Weili Li. 2024. "Evaluating the Stability and Digestibility of Long-Chain Omega-3 Algal Oil Nanoemulsions Prepared with Lecithin and Tween 40 Emulsifiers Using an In Vitro Digestion Model" Foods 13, no. 15: 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13152407
APA StyleZhou, Q., Lane, K. E., & Li, W. (2024). Evaluating the Stability and Digestibility of Long-Chain Omega-3 Algal Oil Nanoemulsions Prepared with Lecithin and Tween 40 Emulsifiers Using an In Vitro Digestion Model. Foods, 13(15), 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13152407