Elderflowers (Sambuci flos L.): A Potential Source of Health-Promoting Components
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Standards
2.2. Material
- Albida;
- Bohatka;
- Haschberg;
- Sambo;
- Samdal;
- Weihenstephan;
- Wild elderberry.
2.3. Dry Matter, Ash Content, Titratable Acidity, Pectin and Vitamin C
2.4. Determination of Sugar Content
2.5. Analysis of Organic Acids by HPLC Method
2.6. Carotenoid Content UPLC-PDA-MS Analysis
2.7. Identification and Quantification of Polyphenols Using the UPLC-PDA-MS Method
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variety | Dry Matter [%] | Ash [%] | Titratable Acidity [g/100 g] | Pectin [%] | Vitamin C [mg/100 g] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albida | 34.19 ± 2.81 b | 3.42 ± 0.67 c | 0.95 ± 0.08 b | 0.42 ± 0.04 c | 13.36 ± 0.58 g |
Bohatka | 33.36 ± 2.67 c | 3.88 ± 0.38 b | 0.84 ± 0.03 e | 0.19 ± 0.01 f | 25.67 ± 1.56 a |
Haschberg | 34.25 ± 2.44 b | 3.94 ± 0.43 b | 0.99 ± 0.09 a | 0.46 ± 0.03 b | 21.15 ± 1.29 c |
Sambo | 31.17 ± 2.93 d | 2.45 ± 0.85 e | 0.86 ± 0.06 d | 0.40 ± 0.03 d | 16.61 ± 0.93 f |
Samdal | 33.79 ± 2.27 c | 3.31 ± 0.78 c,d | 0.75 ± 0.04 f | 0.28 ± 0.01 e | 19.52 ± 0.56 d |
Weihenstephan | 35.60 ± 2.28 a | 4.68 ± 0.56 a | 0.89 ± 0.07 c | 0.49 ± 0.03 a | 22.59 ± 0.99 b |
Wild elderberry | 33.30 ± 2.35 c | 2.41 ± 0.24 e | 0.76 ± 0.08 f | 0.20 ± 0.01 f | 18.77 ± 1.22 e |
Variety | Fructose | Saccharose | Glucose | Sum | Ratio S/A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
g/100 g dm | |||||
Albida | 27.65 ± 1.65 d | 3.93 ± 0.08 c | 13.11 ± 0.08 d,e | 44.71 | 0.85 |
Bohatka | 30.58 ± 2.54 b | 5.47 ± 0.78 a | 15.05 ± 0.08 c | 51.10 | 1.12 |
Haschberg | 25.07 ± 1.76 e | 3.86 ± 0.07 c | 16.47 ± 0.12 a | 45.41 | 0.75 |
Sambo | 31.97 ± 2.98 a | 5.39 ± 0.63 a | 16.34 ± 0.15 a | 53.70 | 1.56 |
Samdal | 30.69 ± 2.83 b | 4.29 ± 0.08 b | 13.60 ± 0.09 d | 48.59 | 1.47 |
Weihenstephan | 29.25 ± 1.89 c | 3.85 ± 0.09 c | 10.83 ± 0.06 f | 43.95 | 1.20 |
Wild elderberry | 13.52 ± 1.28 f | 0.00 | 15.63 ± 0.11 a,b | 29.15 | 0.87 |
Variety | Citric Acid | Malic Acid | Fumaric Acid | Tartaric Acid | Shikimic Acid | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/100 g dm | ||||||
Albida | 5.27 ± 0.41 e | 43.02 ± 2.71 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 d | 2.48 ± 0.01 e | 1.68 ± 0.41 e | 52.59 |
Bohatka | 8.15 ± 0.33 b | 31.38 ± 3.96 b | 0.31 ± 0.01 b | 3.16 ± 0.31 d | 2.79 ± 0.33 b | 45.79 |
Haschberg | 9.57 ± 0.23 a | 42.69 ± 1.21 a | 0.29 ± 0.01 c | 4.52 ± 0.23 a | 3.23 ± 0.23 a | 60.30 |
Sambo | 7.24 ± 0.09 c | 21.10 ± 1.73 d | 0.28 ± 0.02 c | 3.45 ± 0.09 c | 2.41 ± 0.09 c | 34.48 |
Samdal | 7.51 ± 0.09 c | 19.41 ± 1.97 e | 0.32 ± 0.01 b | 3.51 ± 0.09 c | 2.39 ± 0.09 c | 33.14 |
Weihenstephan | 6.64 ± 0.07 d | 23.11 ± 1.21 c | 0.47 ± 0.01 a | 4.33 ± 0.07 b | 1.99 ± 0.01 d | 36.54 |
wild elderberry | 5.33 ± 0.21 e | 23.42 ± 1.19 c | 0.32 ± 0.01 b | 2.53 ± 0.01 e | 1.72 ± 0.01 e | 33.32 |
Variety | β-Carotene [μg/g dm] | Lutein [μg/g dm] | Lycopene [μg/g dm] | Pheophytin A [μg/g dm] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albida | 9.34 ± 0.83 d | 1.02 ± 0.08 f | 0.15 ± 0.01 g | 0 |
Bohatka | 9.95 ± 0.74 d | 1.64 ± 0.09 e | 1.02 ± 0.09 c,d | 0.55 ± 0.06 c |
Haschberg | 3.09 ± 0.26 e | 1.72 ± 0.16 e | 0.21 ± 0.07 f | 0 |
Sambo | 14.58 ± 1.16 b | 3.15 ± 0.31 b | 2.45 ± 1.52 a | 1.61 ± 0.76 a |
Samdal | 16.05 ± 0.52 a | 4.44 ± 0.26 a | 1.19 ± 0.09 c | 0.51 ± 0.05 c |
Weihenstephan | 12.90 ± 0.56 c | 2.37 ± 0.21 d | 1.67 ± 0.98 b | 0.75 ± 0.09 b |
Wild elderberry | 12.54 ± 0.98 c | 2.78 ± 0.13 c | 0.59 ± 0.09 e | 0 |
Compound | Albida | Bohatka | Haschberg | Sambo | Samdal | Weihenstephan | Wild Elderberry |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quinic acid | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.03 ± 0.00 a |
Protocatechuic acid | nd | nd | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Hydroxybenzoic acid | 25.07 ± 3.12 e | 36.76 ± 2.22 a | 29.17 ± 3.11 d | 35.07 ± 2.32 b | 31.26 ± 1.21 c | 34.16 ± 2.19 b | nd |
Caffeoyl N-tryptophan | nd | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Caffeoylhexose | 2.98 ± 0.01 d | 4.55 ± 0.01 d | nd | 6.49 ± 0.04 a | 6.22 ± 0.04 b | 3.86 ± 0.02 c | nd |
3-Caffeoylquinic acid | 2.39 ± 0.01 d | 3.98 ± 0.02 c | 5.22 ± 0.14 b | 2.99 ± 0.08 d | 3.02 ± 0.09 d | 3.86 ± 0.12 c | 10.01 ± 0.15 a |
Caffeoylquinic acid dimer | 53.96 ± 4.33 d | 89.56 ± 5.28 a | 65.32 ± 3.48 c | nd | nd | 78.99 ± 4.17 b | 12.65 ± 1.42 e |
cis-3-Caffeoylquinic acid | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 92.65 ± 6.25 a |
5-Caffeoylquinic acid | 4.12 ± 0.08 e | 8.76 ± 0.09 d | 14.33 ± 0.89 c | 10.98 ± 0.16 c | 11.24 ± 0.18 c | 15.76 ± 0.65 b | 25.48 ± 1.64 a |
cis-4-Caffeoylquinic acid | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 13.88 ± 0.95 a |
B-type procyanidin dimer | 9.28 ± 0.24 d | 15.72 ± 0.99 a | 11.34 ± 0.97 c | 13.53 ± 0.89 b | 13.97 ± 0.88 b | 16.51 ± 1.09 a | nd |
4-Caffeoylquinic acid | 0.92 ± 0.02 c,d | 0.99 ± 0.07 c | 0.97 ± 0.03 c | 1.78 ± 0.09 a | 1.86 ± 0.09 a | 0.98 ± 0.04 c | 1.21 ± 0.08 b |
Quercetin hexoside pentoside | 1.23 ± 0.09 c | 4.87 ± 0.32 b | 9.76 ± 0.97 a | 10.12 ± 1.06 a | 10.22 ± 1.07 a | 3.55 ± 0.23 b | 9.81 ± 0.98 a |
Kaempferol dihexoside | 43.76 ± 2.09 c | nd | nd | 59.76 ± 3.66 a | 60.14 ± 3.66 a | 61.54 ± 4.78 a | 30.38 ± 2.11 d |
5-p-Coumaroylquinic acid | 2.67 ± 0.21 e | 11.8 ± 0.99 a | 7.98 ± 0.69 c,d | 6.21 ± 0.33 d | 6.24 ± 0.22 d | 8.33 ± 0.82 b,c | 3.98 ± 0.03 e |
Quercetin dihexoside | 0.99 ± 0.04 e | 2.01 ± 0.22 b | 1.98 ± 0.16 b | 1.23 ± 0.11 d | 1.33 ± 0.08 c.d | 1.49 ± 0.09 c | 2.27 ± 0.29 a |
3-Feruloyl-quinic acid | 1.99 ± 0.04 e,f | 2.54 ± 0.19 c | 2.63 ± 0.22 b | 2.49 ± 0.18 d | 2.46 ± 0.12 d | 2.11 ± 0.09 e | 2.93 ± 0.29 a |
4-Feruloyl-quinic acid | nd | 2.98 ± 0.02 c | 3.52 ± 0.03 b | nd | nd | nd | 9.53 ± 0.56 a |
Quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl hexoside | nd | 4.76 ± 0.36 c | 6.58 ± 0.39 b | nd | nd | nd | 8.66 ± 0.84 a |
Quercetin dihexoside 1 | 0.99 ± 0.01 c | nd | 1.12 ± 0.09 b | 1.30 ± 0.09 a | 1.28 ± 0.08 a | nd | 1.32 ± 0.08 a |
Ferulic acid hexoside | nd | 15.41 ± 1.25 b | 30.98 ± 2.33 a | nd | nd | 16.29 ± 4.66 b | nd |
Quercetin dihexoside 2 | nd | 0.82 ± 0.06 c | 0.86 ± 0.05 c | 1.02 ± 0.09 b | 0.98 ± 0.08 b | nd | 1.37 ± 0.09 a |
Isorhamnetin dihexoside | 36.54 ± 2.67 d | 36.66 ± 1.92 d | 33.58 ± 2.26 d,e | 66.44 ± 5.43 b | 69.32 ± 6.94 b | 50.98 ± 4.29 c | 99.87 ± 3.22 a |
Quercetin acetyldihexoside | nd | 2.43 ± 0.08 d | 2.99 ± 0.17 c | 3.17 ± 0.27 b | 3.15 ± 0.21 b | 3.24 ± 0.09 a | nd |
Quercetin-3-rutinoside | nd | 13.22 ± 0.13 c | nd | nd | nd | 13.42 ± 0.29 b | 13.65 ± 0.25 a |
Quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl hexoside | 0.28 ± 0.02 f | 0.95 ± 0.08 e | 1.23 ± 0.15 d | 1.67 ± 0.22 c | nd | 2.44 ± 0.22 b | 2.72 ± 0.27 a |
Quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl hexoside | nd | nd | 3.65 ± 0.22 b | 3.42 ± 0.32 b | 3.58 ± 0.29 b | 6.98 ± 0.53 a | 3.22 ± 0.26 b,c |
Kaempferol-3-rutinoside | 5.62 ± 0.04 e | 9.29 ± 0.09 d | 11.27 ± 0.99 a | 9.74 ± 0.86 b | 9.44 ± 0.74 c | 10.98 ± 1.06 a,b | 13.83 ± 1.25 a |
Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside | nd | 0.88 ± 0.06 a | nd | 0.68 ± 0.01 b | 0.54 ± 0.01 c | nd | nd |
Dicaffeoylquinic acid 1 | nd | 8.64 ± 0.63 b | nd | nd | nd | nd | 14.37 ± 0.31 a |
Dicaffeoylquinic acid dimer | 0.10 ± 0.00 e | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 0.21 ± 0.01 c | 0.19 ± 0.01 c | 0.18 ± 0.01 d | 0.24 ± 0.01 b | 0.25 ± 0.02 b |
Isorhamnetin hexoside | nd | 6.87 ± 0.33 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Isorhamnetin acetyl hexoside pentoside | nd | 1.99 ± 0.09 d | 2.21 ± 0.19 c | 1.67 ± 0.09 e | 1.34 ± 0.09 f | 2.96 ± 0.22 b | 3.74 ± 0.29 a |
Dicaffeoylquinic acid 2 | nd | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | 0.03 ± 0.00 c | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.02 a | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | 0.09 ± 0.00 b |
Dicaffeoylquinic acid 3 | nd | 0.02 ± 0.00 c | 0.01 ± 0.00 c | 0.09 ± 0.00 a | 0.08 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 c | 0.05 ± 0.00 b |
Isorhamnetin acetyl hexoside | nd | 0.46 ± 0.01 b | 0.53 ± 0.01 a | 0.33 ± 0.01 c | 0.35 ± 0.01 c | 0.61 ± 0.01 a | nd |
Coumaroylquinic acid derivative | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 1.22 ± 0.61 a |
3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid | 1.25 ± 0.09 f | 5.96 ± 0.43 b | 4.39 ± 0.26 d | 5.27 ± 0.33 c | 5.32 ± 0.23 c | 3.87 ± 0.21 e | 6.44 ± 0.44 a |
Dihydrokaempferol-O-hexoside | 3.01 ± 0.00 f | 3.32 ± 0.00 d | 3.46 ± 0.00 c | 3.63 ± 0.00 a | 3.22 ± 0.00 e | 3.52 ± 0.00 b | 3.34 ± 0.00 d |
Naringenin derivative | 0.02 ± 0.00 d | 0.04 ± 0.00 c | nd | 0.09 ± 0.00 a | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | nd | nd |
Naringenin hexoside | nd | 0.03 ± 0.00 d | 4.03 ± 0.00 a | 0.05 ± 0.00 c | 0.09 ± 0.00 b | 0.06 ± 0.00 c | 4.41 ± 0.00 a |
sum | 197.18 f | 296.61 c | 259.49 e | 249.54 d | 246.04 d | 377.76 b | 394.26 a |
Variety | ABTS [μMol Trolox/g dm] | FRAP [μMol Trolox/g dm] |
---|---|---|
Albida | 294.5 ± 11.53 e | 199.8 ± 11.92 e |
Bohatka | 421.0 ± 13.23 b | 321.0 ± 22.91 b |
Haschberg | 344.4 ± 16.64 d | 238.3 ± 22.33 d |
Sambo | 378.9 ± 15.16 c | 276.5 ± 21.53 c |
Samdal | 335.0 ± 17.88 d | 232.5 ± 19.98 d |
Weihenstephan | 449.9 ± 22.98 a | 348.9 ± 21.44 a |
Wild elderberry | 371.1 ± 17.22 c | 275.4 ± 14.42 c |
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Nawirska-Olszańska, A.; Kolniak-Ostek, J.; Zubaidi, M.A.; Maksimowski, D.; Brandova, P.; Oziembłowski, M. Elderflowers (Sambuci flos L.): A Potential Source of Health-Promoting Components. Foods 2024, 13, 2560. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162560
Nawirska-Olszańska A, Kolniak-Ostek J, Zubaidi MA, Maksimowski D, Brandova P, Oziembłowski M. Elderflowers (Sambuci flos L.): A Potential Source of Health-Promoting Components. Foods. 2024; 13(16):2560. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162560
Chicago/Turabian StyleNawirska-Olszańska, Agnieszka, Joanna Kolniak-Ostek, Muhamad A. Zubaidi, Damian Maksimowski, Pavla Brandova, and Maciej Oziembłowski. 2024. "Elderflowers (Sambuci flos L.): A Potential Source of Health-Promoting Components" Foods 13, no. 16: 2560. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162560