Effects of Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) By-Product on Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Growing Rabbits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Feedstuff Analysis and Meat Proximate Analysis
2.2. Antioxidant Vitamins and Fatty Acid Profile Determination in Meat
2.3. Lipid Oxidation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dried Bergamot Pulp | Control Diet | DBP Diet | |
---|---|---|---|
Barley grain | 10 | 5 | |
Maize grain | 10 | 5 | |
Wheat bran | 28 | 28 | |
Soybean meal | 10 | 10 | |
Alfalfa meal | 40 | 40 | |
Dried bergamot pulp | 10 | ||
Vitamin mineral premix 1 | 2 | 2 | |
Chemical composition | |||
Dry matter (DM) g/kg wet weight | 887 | 889 | 891 |
Crude protein g/kg DM | 57.6 | 156 | 154 |
Ether extract g/kg DM | 14.1 | 25.4 | 25.6 |
Ash g/kg DM | 51.2 | 38.9 | 40.4 |
NDF g/kg DM | 373 | 325 | 340 |
Total phenolic compounds (g TAe 2/kg DM) | 13.2 | 4.12 | 5.02 |
Total tannin compounds (g Tae 2/kg DM) | 2.01 | 0.82 | 1.68 |
Tocopherols, μg/g dry matter | |||
α-Tocopherol | 50.3 | 52.4 | 48.2 |
γ-Tocopherol | 5.91 | 6.87 | 6.19 |
Individual fatty acids (g/100 g of total fatty acid) | |||
C10:0 | 0.07 | ||
C12:0 | 0.14 | 0.03 | |
C14:0 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.19 |
C16:0 | 19.1 | 15.1 | 15.6 |
C16:1 | 0.56 | 0.15 | 0.17 |
C18:0 | 3.67 | 3.96 | 3.87 |
C18:1 n-9 | 26.1 | 36.4 | 32.1 |
C18:2 n-6 | 30.1 | 26.1 | 26.8 |
C18:3 n-3 | 9.12 | 1.49 | 3.32 |
Dietary Treatment 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | DBP | SEM 6 | p Value | |
Final BW 2, g | 2828 | 3080 | 91.1 | 0.176 |
Carcass weight, g | 1651 | 1830 | 62.3 | 0.156 |
Dressing yield (%) | 58.4 | 59.4 | 6.52 | 0.146 |
Total DMI 3, g/d | 154 | 175 | 4.84 | 0.045 |
ADG 4, g/d | 35 | 39 | 2.01 | 0.103 |
FCR 5, g DMI 3/g ADG 4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 0.23 | 0.283 |
Tocopherols and Colesterol, µg/g muscle | ||||
α-Tocopherol | 0.24 | 2.86 | 0.365 | 0.01 |
γ-Tocopherol | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.007 | 0.128 |
Cholesterol | 1.34 | 1.27 | 0.026 | 0.214 |
Chemical composition | ||||
Moisture | 75.2 | 74.5 | 0.191 | 0.771 |
Crude protein | 22.5 | 22.7 | 0.189 | 0.561 |
Ether extract | 1.60 | 1.66 | 0.138 | 0.420 |
Ash | 2.26 | 2.28 | 0.132 | 0.519 |
Dietary Treatment 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Control | DBP | SEM 3 | p Value |
intramuscular fat, mg/100 g of muscle | 1600 | 1484 | 156 | 0.190 |
C12:0 | 1.28 | 1.34 | 0.165 | 0.621 |
C14:0 | 27.4 | 24.6 | 2.542 | 0.201 |
C14:1 cis-9 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 0.154 | 0.231 |
C16:0 | 333 | 309 | 39.7 | 0.192 |
C17:0 | 4.96 | 3.86 | 0.821 | 0.101 |
C16:1 cis-9 | 21.8 | 19.1 | 2.312 | 0.341 |
C18:0 | 261 | 224 | 25.1 | 0.154 |
C18:1 cis-9 | 579 | 516 | 75.2 | 0.213 |
C18:1 trans-11 | 15.7 | 21.1 | 2.39 | 0.089 |
C18:1 trans-9 | 5.12 | 5.94 | 0.892 | 0.221 |
C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 LA 2 | 162 | 147 | 19.6 | 0.321 |
C18:3 n-3 ALA2 | 6.56 | 20.9 | 0.971 | 0.001 |
C20:2 n-6 | 10.4 | 9.50 | 0.421 | 0.564 |
C20:3 n-6 | 1.12 | 1.04 | 0.152 | 0.476 |
C20:3 n-3 | 3.04 | 5.94 | 0.721 | 0.078 |
C20:4 n-6 | 67.7 | 52.7 | 7.21 | 0.092 |
C20:5 n-3 EPA 2 | 3.20 | 6.86 | 0.781 | 0.021 |
C22:6 n-3 DHA 2 | 3.20 | 4.01 | 0.732 | 0.213 |
∑ n-3 | 16.1 | 37.7 | 2.872 | 0.001 |
∑ n-6 | 242 | 211 | 21.34 | 0.121 |
n-6/n-3 | 15.1 | 5.60 | 0.972 | 0.023 |
∑ SFAs 2 | 628 | 563 | 93.2 | 0.365 |
∑ MUFAs 2 | 622 | 563 | 89.3 | 0.321 |
∑ PUFAs 2 | 257 | 248 | 26.1 | 0.134 |
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Scerra, M.; Foti, F.; Caparra, P.; Bognanno, M.; Fortugno, P.; Autolitano, D.; Viglianti, D.; Bella, M.S.; Cannone, M.S.; Chies, L. Effects of Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) By-Product on Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Growing Rabbits. Foods 2024, 13, 2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162611
Scerra M, Foti F, Caparra P, Bognanno M, Fortugno P, Autolitano D, Viglianti D, Bella MS, Cannone MS, Chies L. Effects of Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) By-Product on Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Growing Rabbits. Foods. 2024; 13(16):2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162611
Chicago/Turabian StyleScerra, Manuel, Francesco Foti, Pasquale Caparra, Matteo Bognanno, Paolo Fortugno, Domenico Autolitano, Domenico Viglianti, Marco Sebastiano Bella, Marco Sebastiano Cannone, and Luigi Chies. 2024. "Effects of Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) By-Product on Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Growing Rabbits" Foods 13, no. 16: 2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162611