Characterization and Differentiation of Flavor Profile of 12 Air-Dried Yak Meat Products Using GC–IMS and Multivariate Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. GC–IMS Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. GC–IMS Topography of AYM with Different Flavors in Four Regions
3.2. Identification of VOCs in AYM
3.3. VOC Fingerprints of AYM with Diverse Flavors from Four Regions
3.4. Similarity Analysis of Flavor Components of AYM with Diverse Flavors in Four Regions
3.5. PLS-DA and Model Assessment Analysis and Screening of Differential Volatile Components
3.5.1. Analysis and Screening of PLS-DA and Model Evaluation of Differences in Volatile Components of 12 Samples of AYM
3.5.2. PLS-DA and Model Evaluation Analysis and Screening of Differential VOCs of AYM with FS
3.5.3. PLS-DA and Model Evaluation Analysis and Screening of Differential VOCs of AYM with SN
3.5.4. PLS-DA and Model Evaluation Analysis and Screening of Differential VOCs of AYM with AS
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number | Sample Code | Instruction | Producers |
---|---|---|---|
1 | GFS | Gansu Five-Spice Flavor | Gansu Shanlima Foods Co. Gansu, China. |
2 | GSN | Gansu Spicy and Numbing Flavor | |
3 | GAS | Gansu Aromatic and Spicy Flavor | |
4 | QFS | Qinghai Five-Spice Flavor | Qinghai Wenyou Food Co. Qinghai, China. |
5 | QSN | Qinghai Spicy and Numbing Flavor | |
6 | QAS | Qinghai Aromatic and Spicy Flavor | |
7 | SFS | Sichuan Five-Spice Flavor | Ganzi Luding County Minqiao Story Agricultural Products Development Co. Sichuan, China. |
8 | SSN | Sichuan Spicy and Numbing Flavor | |
9 | SAS | Sichuan Aromatic and Spicy Flavor | |
10 | XFS | Xizang Five-Spice Flavor | Tibet Qisheng Native Specialty Products Co. Lhasa, China. |
11 | XSN | Xizang Spicy and Numbing Flavor | |
12 | XAS | Xizang Aromatic and Spicy Flavor |
Number | Compound | CAS# | RI | Rt [s] | Dt [a.u.] | Aroma Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Terpenes (13) | ||||||
1 | α-terpinolene | 586-62-9 | 1084 | 471 | 1.22 | pine |
2 | γ -Terpinene | 99-85-4 | 1063 | 441 | 1.22 | pungent |
3 | (E)-ocimene(E) | 3779-61-1 | 1052 | 426 | 1.22 | freshness |
4 | β-Ocimene | 13877-91-3 | 1044 | 415 | 1.21 | herbal |
5 | Limonene | 138-86-3 | 1023 | 384 | 1.22 | citrus |
6 | α-terpinene | 99-86-5 | 1013 | 370 | 1.22 | pine |
7 | β-Pyronene-D | 514-96-5 | 993 | 343 | 1.71 | woody, herbaceous |
β-Pyronene-M | 514-96-5 | 993 | 343 | 1.22 | ||
8 | β-Pinene-D | 127-91-3 | 972 | 325 | 1.64 | herbal, resinous |
β-Pinene-M | 127-91-3 | 972 | 325 | 1.22 | ||
9 | α-Fenchene | 471-84-1 | 944 | 301 | 1.22 | woody, herbaceous |
10 | α-thujene | 2867-05-2 | 922 | 282 | 1.22 | pine, herbaceous |
11 | α-Pinene | 80-56-8 | 930 | 289 | 1.22 | pine, woody, and herbaceous |
12 | α-Phellandrene | 99-83-2 | 1006 | 360 | 1.22 | black pepper, mint |
13 | Cis-Ocimene | 3338-55-4 | 1034 | 400 | 1.22 | basil |
Aldehydes (11) | ||||||
1 | Benzaldehyde | 100-52-7 | 958 | 313 | 1.15 | |
2 | 3-methylthiopropanal | 3268-49-3 | 905 | 268 | 1.09 | |
3 | (Z)-4-heptenal-D | 6728-31-0 | 897 | 261 | 1.62 | |
(Z)-4-heptenal-M | 6728-31-0 | 896 | 260 | 1.15 | ||
4 | Heptanal-M | 111-71-7 | 900 | 264 | 1.33 | fatty |
Heptanal-D | 111-71-7 | 897 | 2611 | 1.69 | ||
5 | Octanal | 124-13-0 | 1005 | 358 | 1.40 | |
6 | Hexanal-M | 66-25-1 | 793 | 204 | 1.26 | grassy |
Hexanal-D | 66-25-1 | 793 | 204 | 1.56 | ||
7 | Pentanal-D | 110-62-3 | 695 | 163 | 1.421 | grassy, vegetable |
Pentanal-M | 110-62-3 | 694. | 163 | 1.19 | ||
8 | 2-methylbutanal | 96-17-3 | 665 | 154 | 1.40 | spicy |
9 | 3-methylbutanal | 590-86-3 | 642 | 148 | 1.41 | nuts |
10 | Butanal | 123-72-8 | 545 | 122 | 1.28 | herbaceous, spicy |
11 | 2-Methyl-2-propenal | 78-85-3 | 553 | 124 | 1.22 | |
Esters (11) | ||||||
1 | Linalyl acetate | 115-95-7 | 1396 | 920 | 1.22 | floral, fruity |
2 | dihydro-2(3h)-furanone-M | 96-48-0 | 917 | 278 | 1.08 | |
dihydro-2(3h)-furanone-D | 96-48-0 | 916 | 277 | 1.30 | ||
3 | Propyl butanoate | 105-66-8 | 895 | 259 | 1.26 | |
4 | butyl propanoate | 590-01-2 | 907 | 270 | 1.29 | |
5 | 2-Methylbutanol acetate | 624-41-9 | 879 | 250 | 1.32 | |
6 | Ethyl Acetate | 141-78-6 | 604 | 137 | 1.34 | fruity, sweet |
7 | Butyl acetate | 123-86-4 | 805 | 210 | 1.24 | |
8 | Propyl acetate | 109-60-4 | 707 | 168 | 1.48 | |
9 | Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate | 108-64-5 | 846 | 232 | 1.25 | |
10 | ethyl propanoate | 105-37-3 | 704 | 167 | 1.45 | |
11 | ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate | 97-64-3 | 808 | 212 | 1.14 | |
Alcohols (9) | ||||||
1 | Linalool-M | 78-70-6 | 1108 | 507 | 1.22 | floral, citrus |
Linalool-D | 78-70-6 | 1106 | 503 | 1.70 | ||
2 | 1.8-Cineole | 470-82-6 | 1025 | 387 | 1.29 | camphorated, coolness |
3 | oct-1-en-3-ol | 3391-86-4 | 981 | 333 | 1.16 | |
4 | 2,3-Butanediol | 513-85-9 | 780 | 197 | 1.37 | |
5 | ethanol | 64-17-5 | 451 | 96 | 1.13 | |
6 | 1-Propanethiol | 107-03-9 | 625 | 143 | 1.37 | |
7 | 2-methylbutan-1-ol | 137-32-6 | 742 | 182 | 1.47 | |
8 | Methanedithiol | 6725-64-0 | 736 | 179 | 1.04 | |
9 | pentan-1-ol- | 71-41-0 | 761 | 190 | 1.25 | |
Ketones (5) | ||||||
1 | methyl-5-hepten-2-one | 110-93-0 | 992 | 342 | 1.18 | |
2 | dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone-D | 3188-00-9 | 802 | 208 | 1.42 | nuts |
dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone-M | 3188-00-9 | 801 | 208 | 1.07 | ||
3 | 3-hydroxybutan-2-one | 513-86-0 | 709 | 169 | 1.33 | creamy, fatty |
4 | 2-Butanone | 78-93-3 | 579 | 131 | 1.25 | |
5 | acetone | 67-64-1 | 490 | 107 | 1.12 | spicy |
Acids (3) | ||||||
1 | propanoic acid | 79-09-4 | 689 | 160 | 1.11 | |
2 | acetic acid | 64-19-7 | 580 | 131 | 1.16 | |
3 | butanoic acid | 107-92-6 | 813 | 214 | 1.16 | |
Others (6) | ||||||
1 | 2-methyl-3-(methylthio)furan-M | 63012-97-5 | 947 | 303 | 1.11 | meaty, garlic odor |
2-methyl-3-(methylthio)furan-D | 63012-97-5 | 948 | 304 | 1.15 | ||
2 | Anethol | 104461 | 1453 | 1002 | 1.21 | aniseed |
3 | 2-n-Butylfuran | 4466244 | 875 | 248 | 1.18 | |
4 | dimethyl trisulfide | 3658808 | 958 | 313 | 1.30 | |
5 | Diallyl sulfide | 592881 | 851 | 235 | 1.12 | |
6 | 2,5-Dimethylfuran | 625865 | 694 | 162 | 1.03 | caramel, nuts |
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Wang, Q.; Du, R.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Wang, L.; Wang, L. Characterization and Differentiation of Flavor Profile of 12 Air-Dried Yak Meat Products Using GC–IMS and Multivariate Analysis. Foods 2024, 13, 2626. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162626
Wang Q, Du R, Wang Y, Zhang S, Wang L, Wang L. Characterization and Differentiation of Flavor Profile of 12 Air-Dried Yak Meat Products Using GC–IMS and Multivariate Analysis. Foods. 2024; 13(16):2626. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162626
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Qiuyu, Rongsheng Du, Yuqi Wang, Shulin Zhang, Linlin Wang, and Lina Wang. 2024. "Characterization and Differentiation of Flavor Profile of 12 Air-Dried Yak Meat Products Using GC–IMS and Multivariate Analysis" Foods 13, no. 16: 2626. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162626