Banana Peel Extract-Derived ZnO Nanopowder: Transforming Solar Water Purification for Safer Agri-Food Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials, Reagents, and Water Samples
2.2. Photocatalyst Synthesis
2.3. Photocatalyst Characterization Techniques
2.4. Measurements of ZnO/BPE and BPE Photocatalytic Activity
2.5. Photocatalyst Reutilization
2.6. Analytical Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of ZnO/BPE
3.1.1. X-ray Powder Diffraction
3.1.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.1.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
3.1.4. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
3.1.5. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller Analysis
3.2. Removal of Organic Pollutants from Ultrapure Water
3.2.1. ZnO/BPE Photocatalyst Loading
3.2.2. BPE Catalytic Activity
3.2.3. Initial pH Value of ZnO/BPE Suspension
3.2.4. Reutilization Study of ZnO/BPE Photocatalyst
3.3. The Influence of the Natural Water Matrix on the Photodegradation Efficiency of the Selected Pollutants
4. Conclusions and Outlooks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | CLO | QUI | CIP | EE2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mobile phase composition (ACN:H3PO4, v/v) | 60:40 | 50:50 | 20:80 | 80:20 |
Flow rate (cm3/min) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 |
Injection volume (µL) | 20 | 20 | 10 | 10 |
Column temperature (°C) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 40 |
λmax (nm) 1 | 210 | 224 | 279 | 199 |
λex (nm) 2 | - | - | 280 | 220 |
λem (nm) 3 | - | - | 450 | 310 |
Spectrum | ZnO/BPE |
---|---|
C (wt. %) | 28.79 |
O (wt. %) | 36.37 |
Si (wt. %) | 0.18 |
P (wt. %) | 0.16 |
S (wt. %) | 0.34 |
Zn (wt. %) | 34.16 |
Relative Pressure (p/p0) | Total Pore Volume (cm3/g) | 1/[W((p0/p) − 1)] (1/g) |
---|---|---|
0.1032 | 0.4234 | 217.36 |
0.1559 | 0.6456 | 228.88 |
0.2031 | 0.8701 | 234.33 |
0.2535 | 1.2191 | 222.93 |
0.3032 | 1.5941 | 218.41 |
Pollutant | ZnO/BPE | ZnO | |
---|---|---|---|
Removal efficiency (%) | CIP | 95.7 | 94.9 |
EE2 | 83.0 | 99.8 |
Parameter | Danube River Water | Ultrapure Water |
---|---|---|
pH | 8.10 | 6.56 |
Conductivity at 25 °C (μS/cm) | 424 | 4.5 |
TOC (mg/dm3) | 2.30 | <DL |
Fluoride (mg/dm3) | <DL | <DL |
Chloride (mg/dm3) | 44.02 | <DL |
Bromide (mg/dm3) | 0.080 | <DL |
Sulfate (mg/dm3) | 15.52 | <DL |
Nitrate (mg/dm3) | <DL | <DL |
Nitrite (mg/dm3) | 0.024 | <DL |
Calcium (mg/dm3) | 0.136 | <DL |
Potassium (mg/dm3) | 0.030 | <DL |
Lithium (mg/dm3) | <DL | <DL |
Phosphates (mg/dm3) | 0.202 | <DL |
Magnesium (mg/dm3) | 0.078 | <DL |
Sodium (mg/dm3) | 0.043 | <DL |
Ammonium (mg/dm3) | 0.11 | <DL |
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Jovanović, D.; Bognár, S.; Despotović, V.; Finčur, N.; Jakšić, S.; Putnik, P.; Deák, C.; Kozma, G.; Kordić, B.; Šojić Merkulov, D. Banana Peel Extract-Derived ZnO Nanopowder: Transforming Solar Water Purification for Safer Agri-Food Production. Foods 2024, 13, 2643. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162643
Jovanović D, Bognár S, Despotović V, Finčur N, Jakšić S, Putnik P, Deák C, Kozma G, Kordić B, Šojić Merkulov D. Banana Peel Extract-Derived ZnO Nanopowder: Transforming Solar Water Purification for Safer Agri-Food Production. Foods. 2024; 13(16):2643. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162643
Chicago/Turabian StyleJovanović, Dušica, Szabolcs Bognár, Vesna Despotović, Nina Finčur, Sandra Jakšić, Predrag Putnik, Cora Deák, Gábor Kozma, Branko Kordić, and Daniela Šojić Merkulov. 2024. "Banana Peel Extract-Derived ZnO Nanopowder: Transforming Solar Water Purification for Safer Agri-Food Production" Foods 13, no. 16: 2643. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162643