Characterization of Flavor Compounds in Chinese Indigenous Sheep Breeds Using Gas Chromatography–Ion Migration Spectrometry and Chemometrics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Materials
2.3. GC-IMS Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. GC-IMS Maps of Meats of Different Breeds of Sheep
3.2. Volatile Compound Identification and Fingerprints Profile in Different Breeds’ Meat
3.3. Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Sheep Meat of Different Breeds
3.4. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Volatile Compounds
3.5. OPLS-DA of Volatile Compounds
3.6. Screening of Differential Volatile Components in Different Breeds of Sheep Meat
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Compounds | Retention Index Was | Retention Times (s) | Drift Times (ms) | Intensity (V) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tibetan | Hu | Ujumqin | Tan | ||||||
Aldehydes | Aldehydes | ||||||||
1 | n-Nonanal(monomer) | 1111.6 | 503.873 | 1.4763 | 852.90 ± 157.8 d | 1228.2 ± 114.7 c | 2176.0 ± 211.5 b | 3484.9 ± 111.6 a | <0.001 |
2 | n-Nonanal(dimer) | 1111.6 | 503.873 | 1.9430 | – | – | 1009.5 ± 122.0 | 1804.3 ± 158.5 | – |
3 | Octanal(monomer) | 1001.5 | 356.663 | 1.4052 | 393.26 ± 72.23 d | 871.25 ± 119.5 c | 1158.2 ± 222.6 b | 2345.9 ± 28.70 a | <0.001 |
4 | Octanal(dimer) | 1000.3 | 355.394 | 1.8268 | – | 161.20 ± 30.43 | 801.52 ± 349.6 | 3087.3 ± 150.0 | – |
5 | Heptanal(monomer) | 896.6 | 262.930 | 1.3380 | 714.59 ± 69.54 d | 1194.8 ± 88.76 a | 890.21 ± 59.43 c | 980.08 ± 20.32 b | <0.001 |
6 | Heptanal(dimer) | 895.0 | 261.717 | 1.6961 | 274.53 ± 71.29 d | 1507.0 ± 431.4 c | 2325.0 ± 454.3 b | 3630.0 ± 79.62 a | <0.001 |
7 | 3-Methylbutanal(monomer) | 657.4 | 147.779 | 1.1822 | 1071.1 ± 25.77 c | 1169.2 ± 30.82 a | 448.21 ± 48.05 d | 1115.9 ± 19.20 b | <0.001 |
8 | 3-Methylbutanal(dimer) | 659.1 | 148.294 | 1.4031 | 745.22 ± 47.10 c | 1225.4 ± 269.2 b | 208.06 ± 21.69 d | 1883.3 ± 81.89 a | <0.001 |
9 | Hexanal(monomer) | 796.7 | 202.150 | 1.2638 | 874.95 ± 22.03 b | 952.69 ± 33.85 a | 586.19 ± 30.34 d | 663.80 ± 18.41 c | <0.001 |
10 | Hexanal(dimer) | 797.4 | 202.513 | 1.5595 | 1137.6 ± 161.8 d | 3018.3 ± 254.0 b | 2592.9 ± 156.3 c | 5392.6 ± 107.6 a | <0.001 |
11 | Pentanal(monomer) | 699.5 | 161.350 | 1.1953 | 257.04 ± 27.81 d | 884.52 ± 66.76 a | 433.57 ± 72.08 c | 594.56 ± 13.24 b | <0.001 |
12 | Pentanal(dimer) | 699.5 | 161.350 | 1.4224 | – | 698.19 ± 123.9 | 138.75 ± 18.14 | 2091.4 ± 26.58 | – |
13 | 2-Methylbutanal | 671.4 | 152.074 | 1.1669 | 297.12 ± 7.320 b | 378.64 ± 56.69 a | 93.190 ± 38.57 c | 306.62 ± 12.66 b | <0.001 |
14 | (E)-2-Octenal(monomer) | 1060.3 | 427.724 | 1.3303 | – | – | 60.160 ± 21.04 | 466.27 ± 29.40 | – |
15 | (E)-2-Octenal(dimer) | 1060.6 | 428.108 | 1.8179 | – | – | – | 5.7300 ± 0.3700 | – |
16 | (E)-2-Nonenal | 1176.0 | 619.851 | 1.4068 | – | – | 199.44 ± 43.18 | 224.92 ± 48.26 | – |
17 | (E)-2-Heptenal(monomer) | 951.5 | 307.387 | 1.2535 | – | 44.600 ± 11.79 | 185.27 ± 65.85 | 501.61 ± 14.21 | – |
18 | (E)-2-Heptenal(dimer) | 952.1 | 307.879 | 1.6690 | – | – | 16.530 ± 9.510 | 255.94 ± 19.08 | – |
19 | (E)-2-Pentenal(monomer) | 755.4 | 182.988 | 1.1027 | 20.150 ± 4.210 c | 34.840 ± 10.47 c | 128.13 ± 21.77 b | 273.50 ± 8.970 a | <0.001 |
20 | (E)-2-Pentenal(dimer) | 755.2 | 182.891 | 1.3552 | – | – | 164.65 ± 27.32 | 401.62 ± 24.71 | – |
21 | Methional(monomer) | 902.2 | 267.016 | 1.0886 | 249.87 ± 40.72 b | 402.23 ± 88.24 c | 41.190 ± 14.93 a | 219.02 ± 10.17 b | <0.001 |
22 | Methional(dimer) | 901.1 | 266.212 | 1.3970 | – | 82.540 ± 33.22 | 79.580 ± 16.08 | 91.040 ± 6.470 | – |
23 | Benzaldehyde(monomer) | 955.5 | 310.997 | 1.1478 | 1338.8 ± 54.49 a | 1308.5 ± 110.7 a | 630.29 ± 140.7 c | 995.33 ± 20.19 b | <0.001 |
24 | Benzaldehyde(dimer) | 956.5 | 311.847 | 1.4698 | 861.81 ± 110.0 b | 995.85 ± 114.7 a | 241.36 ± 106.0 d | 638.56 ± 28.82 c | <0.001 |
25 | Phenylacetaldehyde | 1042.8 | 404.911 | 1.2571 | – | – | – | 85.830 ± 1.570 | – |
26 | Butanal | 632.5 | 140.723 | 1.1124 | 46.070 ± 12.49 b | 51.040 ± 10.97 b | 541.50 ± 139.6 a | 21.980 ± 8.920 b | <0.001 |
Alcohols | |||||||||
27 | 1-Octen-3-ol(monomer) | 978.2 | 332.525 | 1.1579 | 23.380 ± 3.270 d | 527.47 ± 92.48 c | 721.45 ± 172.5 b | 875.78 ± 29.51 a | <0.001 |
28 | 1-Octen-3-ol(dimer) | 977.4 | 331.738 | 1.5990 | – | – | – | 15.280 ± 5.180 | – |
29 | Ethanol(monomer) | 355.2 | 94.087 | 1.0473 | 1309.1 ± 20.07 b | 178.19 ± 64.75 d | 2799.2 ± 116.4 a | 509.92 ± 76.29 c | <0.001 |
30 | Ethanol(dimer) | 353.9 | 93.969 | 1.1330 | 57.740 ± 8.370 | 20.100 ± 5.530 | 1853.8 ± 57.72 | – | – |
31 | 1-Hexanol(monomer) | 870.0 | 244.461 | 1.3263 | – | 121.97 ± 53.86 | 1203.0 ± 95.83 | 744.45 ± 16.20 | – |
32 | 1-Hexanol(dimer) | 869.3 | 243.958 | 1.6447 | – | – | 1195.3 ± 193.5 | 66.860 ± 7.360 | – |
33 | Methyl-2-butan-1-ol | 722.3 | 169.615 | 1.2336 | – | 472.66 ± 72.18 | 578.06 ± 24.30 | 414.11 ± 23.15 | – |
34 | Heptanol(monomer) | 970.7 | 325.203 | 1.4007 | – | – | 265.75 ± 73.50 | 208.75 ± 10.02 | – |
35 | Heptanol(dimer) | 970.3 | 324.829 | 1.7668 | – | – | 39.870 ± 38.22 | – | – |
36 | (E)-2-Hexen-1-ol(monomer) | 849.0 | 231.146 | 1.1791 | 67.900 ± 5.440 d | 108.81 ± 22.80 c | 173.72 ± 17.84 b | 436.25 ± 13.92 a | <0.001 |
37 | (E)-2-Hexen-1-ol(dimer) | 849.0 | 231.146 | 1.5160 | – | – | – | 253.87 ± 21.38 | – |
38 | 1-Pentanol(monomer) | 769.4 | 189.159 | 1.2548 | 63.480 ± 21.04 d | 434.02 ± 57.26 c | 486.54 ± 50.54 b | 10008 ± 11.86 a | <0.001 |
39 | 1-Pentanol(dimer) | 769.5 | 189.191 | 1.5160 | – | 21.750 ± 6.060 | 267.17 ± 146.3 | 660.26 ± 32.92 | – |
40 | Cis-3-hexenol | 866.2 | 241.985 | 1.2291 | – | 44.930 ± 2.260 | – | – | – |
41 | 2-Methyl-1-propanol | 629.0 | 139.767 | 1.1732 | 200.34 ± 32.43 b | 223.72 ± 48.44 b | 176.87 ± 62.28 b | 372.14 ± 32.26 a | <0.001 |
42 | 2-Propanol | 486.8 | 110.348 | 1.1797 | 148.67 ± 13.74 b | 191.69 ± 49.32 b | 361.86 ± 120.9 a | 380.49 ± 35.08 a | <0.001 |
43 | 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol | 739.4 | 176.297 | 1.5005 | – | – | 86.540 ± 74.51 | – | – |
44 | 2,3-Butanediol | 796.1 | 201.865 | 1.3666 | 190.41 ± 36.31 c | 147.13 ± 66.19 c | 695.25 ± 52.24 a | 253.54 ± 7.260 b | <0.001 |
Ketones | |||||||||
45 | 2-Pentanone(monomer) | 687.6 | 157.292 | 1.1198 | 635.89 ± 13.82 a | 339.10 ± 27.00 b | 275.64 ± 104.3 b | 73.940 ± 5.340 c | <0.001 |
46 | 2-Pentanone(dimer) | 689.5 | 157.941 | 1.3672 | 803.69 ± 58.28 a | 394.90 ± 49.01 b | 709.80 ± 110.2 a | 430.08 ± 14.15 b | <0.001 |
47 | 3-Pentanone | 700.2 | 161.577 | 1.3504 | 270.94 ± 25.81 c | 133.72 ± 11.57 d | 476.41 ± 42.06 a | 348.99 ± 12.20 b | <0.001 |
48 | 2-Heptanone(monomer) | 885.6 | 255.072 | 1.2622 | 59.490 ± 10.90 d | 210.50 ± 25.50 c | 252.10 ± 49.42 b | 496.72 ± 13.35 a | <0.001 |
49 | 2-Heptanone(dimer) | 884.4 | 254.232 | 1.6306 | – | – | 427.75 ± 79.73 | 254.21 ± 18.43 | – |
50 | 1-Octen-3-one(monomer) | 1029.4 | 388.481 | 1.2639 | – | – | – | 268.88 ± 9.850 | – |
51 | 1-Octen-3-one(dimer) | 1029.1 | 388.096 | 1.6851 | – | – | – | 9.4600 ± 1.010 | – |
52 | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone(monomer) | 721.9 | 169.481 | 1.0655 | 1823.5 ± 857.3 a | 2115.7 ± 541.0 a | 847.44 ± 79.35 a | 1968.6 ± 38.99 a | 0.478 |
53 | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone(dimer) | 722.3 | 169.626 | 1.3298 | – | 2787.35 ± 377.1 | 3898.6 ± 122.5 | 2541.7 ± 127.3 | – |
54 | 2-Hexanone | 787.2 | 197.492 | 1.1909 | 102.41 ± 4.460 b | 108.82 ± 16.81 ab | 127.09 ± 28.21 a | 115.72 ± 7.060 ab | 0.105 |
55 | 2-Butanone(monomer) | 591.0 | 130.333 | 1.0590 | 1666.1 ± 36.94 a | 1684.9 ± 86.22 a | 271.69 ± 45.84 c | 1381.3 ± 32.19 b | <0.001 |
56 | 2-Butanone(dimer) | 587.2 | 129.463 | 1.2448 | 4543.0 ± 290.1 a | 4637.8 ± 428.7 a | 2513.1 ± 262.0 b | 5002.0 ± 167.5 a | <0.001 |
57 | 2-Propanone | 481.7 | 109.558 | 1.1164 | 3151.0 ± 397.2 ab | 3378.9 ± 269.9 a | 2849.6 ± 271.0 bc | 2430.6 ± 502.7 c | 0.002 |
58 | 4-Methyl-2-pentanone | 740.3 | 176.683 | 1.1776 | 171.89 ± 14.80 a | 151.58 ± 23.41 a | 84.480 ± 13.38 b | 101.50 ± 11.93 b | <0.001 |
59 | 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | 984.7 | 339.068 | 1.1773 | – | 104.24 ± 29.93 | 50.100 ± 27.64 | 37.020 ± 13.96 | – |
Esters | |||||||||
60 | Ethyl acetate(monomer) | 620.2 | 137.471 | 1.0946 | 11.730 ± 2.600 | – | 506.50 ± 111.6 | 6.3400 ± 2.500 | – |
61 | Ethyl acetate (dimer) | 614.2 | 135.942 | 1.3345 | – | – | 3536.6 ± 324.6 | – | – |
62 | ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate | 810.9 | 209.472 | 1.1442 | – | – | 134.89 ± 33.77 | 3.9900 ± 1.030 | – |
63 | Butyl propanoate | 873.9 | 247.025 | 1.2849 | – | – | 24.740 ± 12.12 | – | – |
64 | (Z)3-Hexen-1-ol-acetate | 984.3 | 338.625 | 1.3063 | – | – | 26.980 ± 7.070 | 3.3300 ± 1.620 | – |
65 | Methyl benzoate(monomer) | 1097.2 | 481.030 | 1.2179 | 1005.26 ± 20.60 a | 936.50 ± 19.08 b | 690.08 ± 22.35 c | 709.72 ± 15.68 c | <0.001 |
66 | Methyl benzoate(dimer) | 1096.8 | 480.396 | 1.6071 | 38.160 ± 4.010 | 26.630 ± 3.900 | 10.650 ± 2.700 | – | – |
67 | Butyl butanoate | 988.6 | 343.068 | 1.3363 | – | – | 18.420 ± 4.620 | 28.180 ± 170.0 | – |
Furan | |||||||||
68 | 2-Pentylfuran | 988.5 | 342.924 | 1.2520 | – | – | 48.520 ± 5.390 | 123.94 ± 9.370 | – |
Ether | |||||||||
69 | 1-Propene-3-methylthio | 701.6 | 162.080 | 1.0425 | 807.79 ± 26.87 a | 37.280 ± 11.45 c | 480.16 ± 78.12 b | 21.380 ± 1.260 c | <0.001 |
Thiazole | |||||||||
70 | Trimethylthiazole | 955.3 | 310.770 | 1.5658 | – | 35.100 ± 7.700 | 80.390 ± 20.60 | 455.97 ± 21.06 | – |
71 | 2-Acetylthiazole | 1018.8 | 375.938 | 1.1294 | – | – | 45.160 ± 22.38 | – | – |
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Wang, F.; Wang, H.; Liang, Z.; Liu, J.; Yang, C.; Zhai, H.; Chen, A.; Lu, Z.; Gao, Y.; Ding, X.; et al. Characterization of Flavor Compounds in Chinese Indigenous Sheep Breeds Using Gas Chromatography–Ion Migration Spectrometry and Chemometrics. Foods 2024, 13, 2647. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172647
Wang F, Wang H, Liang Z, Liu J, Yang C, Zhai H, Chen A, Lu Z, Gao Y, Ding X, et al. Characterization of Flavor Compounds in Chinese Indigenous Sheep Breeds Using Gas Chromatography–Ion Migration Spectrometry and Chemometrics. Foods. 2024; 13(17):2647. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172647
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Fang, Hongbo Wang, Zeyi Liang, Jing Liu, Chen Yang, Huan Zhai, Anle Chen, Zengkui Lu, Yaqin Gao, Xuezhi Ding, and et al. 2024. "Characterization of Flavor Compounds in Chinese Indigenous Sheep Breeds Using Gas Chromatography–Ion Migration Spectrometry and Chemometrics" Foods 13, no. 17: 2647. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172647