Human Exposure to Trace Elements (Al, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Li, Ni, Pb, Sr, V) from Consumption of Dried Fruits Acquired in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Samples Treatment
2.3. Quality Control and Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Dietary Intake Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Trace Element Levels in the Dried Fruits
3.2. Dietary Intake Assessment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | No. Samples | Country Origin | Sample Collection Point |
---|---|---|---|
Plums | 9 | Spain | Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain) |
Dates | 8 | Tunisia | |
Sultanas | 9 | Turkey | |
Apricot kernels | 8 | Spain | |
Figs | 8 | Spain | |
Total | 42 |
Element | LOD (mg/L) | LOQ (mg/L) | Wavelength (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
B | 0.008 | 0.027 | 249.6 |
Ba | 0.0006 | 0.002 | 455.4 |
Cr | 0.001 | 0.005 | 267.7 |
Sr | 0.003 | 0.011 | 407.7 |
Li | 0.013 | 0.031 | 670.8 |
Ni | 0.0009 | 0.003 | 221.6 |
V | 0.0014 | 0.004 | 292.4 |
Al | 0.005 | 0.015 | 167.0 |
Cd | 0.0007 | 0.002 | 214.4 |
Pb | 0.0009 | 0.003 | 220.3 |
Element | Parameter | Intake Limit Value | Organization | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | TWI | 2.5 μg/kg bw/week | EFSA | [20] |
Pb | BMDL | 0.50 μg/kg bw/day 1 0.63 μg/kg bw/day 2 1.50 μg/kg bw/day 3 | EFSA | [21] |
Al | TWI | 1 mg/kg bw/week | EFSA | [33] |
Cr | TDI | 0.3 mg/kg bw/day | EFSA | [23] |
Li | p-RfD | 2 μg/kg bw/day | EFSA | [26] |
Ni | TDI | 13 μg/kg bw/day | EFSA | [24] |
Sr | TDI | 0.13 mg/kg bw/day | WHO | [25] |
B | UL | 10 mg/day | EFSA | [34] |
V | RfD | 7 μg/kg bw/day | EFSA | [26] |
Ba | TDI | 0.2 mg/kg bw/day | EFSA | [26] |
Element | Prunes | Dates | Sultanas | Apricot Kernels | Figs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conc. ± SD | Min–Max | Conc. ± SD | Min–Max | Conc. ± SD | Min–Max | Conc. ± SD | Min–Max | Conc. ± SD | Min–Max | |
Al | 9.94 ± 3.94 | 1.74–16.3 | 7.23 ± 4.36 | 2.26–14.5 | 12.7 ± 5.13 | 5.14–12.2 | 6.12 ± 2.66 | 3.55–11.9 | 8.22 ± 3.75 | 3.21–15.1 |
B | 6.26 ± 4.45 | 1.07–14.4 | 2.72 ± 0.78 | 1.18–4.07 | 5.59 ± 2.85 | 1.45–12.2 | 3.81 ± 2.22 | 0.52–8.11 | 5.24 ± 1.23 | 3.37–7.62 |
Ba | 1.45 ± 1.91 | 0.22–8.50 | 0.50 ± 0.32 | 0.12–1.23 | 0.74 ± 0.26 | 0.36–1.41 | 0.94 ± 0.47 | 0.57–2.31 | 2.32 ± 0.90 | 0.43–4.11 |
Cd | 0.003 ± 0.0005 | <LOQ–0.01 | 0.003 ± 0.0009 | <LOQ–0.01 | 0.003 ± 0.0008 | <LOQ–0.01 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | <LOQ–0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | <LOQ–0.05 |
Cr | 0.10 ± 0.13 | 0.04–0.65 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.02–0.08 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.04–0.12 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.02–0.13 | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.04–0.20 |
Li | 1.61 ± 1.22 | <LOQ–4.15 | 0.85 ± 0.68 | <LOQ–2.28 | 1.45 ± 1.08 | <LOQ–4.08 | 1.01 ± 0.95 | <LOQ–2.77 | 1.26 ± 1.03 | <LOQ–3.86 |
Ni | 0.15 ± 0.10 | 0.05–0.43 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.04–0.10 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.04–0.12 | 0.39 ± 0.22 | 0.04–0.79 | 0.75 ± 0.41 | 0.25–1.39 |
Pb | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.01–0.10 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.01–0.07 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.01–0.05 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.01–0.06 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.02–0.05 |
Sr | 2.25 ± 1.52 | <LOQ–6.00 | 1.97 ± 1.37 | <LOQ–4.59 | 2.80 ± 1.58 | 1.20–6.10 | 2.10 ± 1.44 | <LOQ–4.83 | 2.79 ± 2.14 | <LOQ–5.14 |
V | 0.01 ± 0.002 | 0.01–0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.0003 | 0.01–0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.01–0.11 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.01–0.17 | 0.01 ± 0.0003 | 0.01–0.01 |
Reference (Origen) | Dried Fruit | Toxic or Trace Elements | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | Cd | Ni | Pb | ||
Duran et al., 2008 (Turkey) [35] | Apricot | 5.78 | 0.81 | - | - |
Figs | 4.31 | 0.28 | - | - | |
Plum | 3.58 | 0.45 | - | - | |
Plum | 9.40 | 0.63 | - | - | |
Black grapes | 2.12 | 0.63 | - | - | |
Altundag and Tuzen, 2011 (Turkey) [36] | Apricot | 1.22 | 0.16 | 1.51 | 1.45 |
Figs | 0.83 | 0.32 | 2.26 | 0.40 | |
Yellow plum | 1.03 | 0.23 | 0.95 | 0.56 | |
Black plum | 2.71 | 0.12 | 0.74 | 0.41 | |
Raisins | 7.69 | 0.21 | 1.41 | 0.67 | |
Mehta et al., 2014 (India) [39] | Plum | - | - | 1.08 | 0.21 |
Ivanovic et al., 2016 (Serbia) [40] | Apricot | 0.77 | - | 0.40 | 0.72 |
Dates | 0.36 | - | 0.08 | 0.71 | |
Figs | 0.32 | - | 1.07 | 0.41 | |
Plum | 0.72 | - | 0.72 | 0.92 | |
Al-Massaedh et al., 2018 (Jordan) [18] | Black raisins | - | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.37 |
Figs | - | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.29 | |
Apricot | - | 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.57 | |
Plum | - | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.25 | |
Kulluk et al., 2023. (Turkey) [38] | Plum | - | 0.08 | 2.75 | 1.12 |
Dates | - | 0.19 | 2.80 | 2.02 | |
Black raisins | - | 0.12 | 3.31 | 2.01 | |
Apricot | - | 0.13 | 2.92 | 1.68 | |
Figs | - | 0.15 | 3.26 | 2.50 |
Sample | TDI (mg/kg bw/Day) | UL (mg/Day) | RfD (mg/Day) | BMDL (µg/kg bw/Day) | Prf-D (µg/kg bw/Day) | TWI (mg/kg bw/Week) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ba | Cr | Ni | Sr | B | V | Pb | Li | Al | Cd | ||||||||||||
EDI (mg/Day) | % | EDI (µg/Day) | % | EDI (mg/Day) | % | EDI (mg/Day) | % | EDI (mg/Day) | % | EDI (mg/Day) | % | EDI (µg/Day) | % * | % ** | EDI (µg/Day) | % | EWI (mg/Week) | % | EWI (µg/Week) | % | |
Plums | 0.44 | 0.32 | 3.00 | 0.01 | 4.50 | 0.51 | 0.07 | 0.76 | 0.19 | 0.94 | 0.0003 | 0.06 | 1.20 | 2.78 | 1.17 | 48.3 | 35.3 | 2.09 | 3.05 | 0.63 | 0.37 |
Dates | 0.02 | 0.11 | 1.20 | 0.01 | 2.10 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.66 | 0.08 | 0.41 | 0.0003 | 0.06 | 0.60 | 1.39 | 0.58 | 25.5 | 18.6 | 1.52 | 2.22 | 0.63 | 0.37 |
Sultanas | 0.02 | 0.16 | 2.10 | 0.01 | 2.10 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.94 | 0.17 | 0.84 | 0.001 | 0.21 | 0.90 | 2.09 | 0.88 | 43.5 | 31.8 | 2.67 | 3.89 | 0.63 | 0.37 |
Apricot kernels | 0.03 | 0.21 | 1.50 | 0.01 | 11.7 | 1.31 | 0.06 | 0.71 | 0.11 | 0.57 | 0.001 | 0.21 | 0.90 | 2.09 | 0.88 | 30.3 | 22.1 | 1.29 | 1.88 | 0.63 | 0.37 |
Figs | 0.07 | 0.51 | 3.30 | 0.02 | 22.5 | 2.53 | 0.08 | 0.94 | 0.16 | 0.79 | 0.0003 | 0.06 | 0.90 | 2.09 | 0.88 | 37.8 | 27.6 | 1.73 | 2.52 | 4.20 | 2.45 |
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Jáudenes-Marrero, J.R.; Paz-Montelongo, S.; Darias-Rosales, J.; González-Weller, D.; Gutiérrez, Á.J.; Hardisson, A.; Rubio, C.; Alejandro-Vega, S. Human Exposure to Trace Elements (Al, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Li, Ni, Pb, Sr, V) from Consumption of Dried Fruits Acquired in Spain. Foods 2024, 13, 2660. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172660
Jáudenes-Marrero JR, Paz-Montelongo S, Darias-Rosales J, González-Weller D, Gutiérrez ÁJ, Hardisson A, Rubio C, Alejandro-Vega S. Human Exposure to Trace Elements (Al, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Li, Ni, Pb, Sr, V) from Consumption of Dried Fruits Acquired in Spain. Foods. 2024; 13(17):2660. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172660
Chicago/Turabian StyleJáudenes-Marrero, Juan Ramón, Soraya Paz-Montelongo, Javier Darias-Rosales, Dailos González-Weller, Ángel J. Gutiérrez, Arturo Hardisson, Carmen Rubio, and Samuel Alejandro-Vega. 2024. "Human Exposure to Trace Elements (Al, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Li, Ni, Pb, Sr, V) from Consumption of Dried Fruits Acquired in Spain" Foods 13, no. 17: 2660. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172660