Natural Food Components as Biocompatible Carriers: A Novel Approach to Glioblastoma Drug Delivery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Types of Food Components
2.1. Polysaccharides
2.1.1. Starch
2.1.2. Chitosan
2.1.3. Alginate
2.1.4. Pectin
2.1.5. Dextran
2.1.6. Xanthan Gum
2.1.7. Fucoidan
2.2. Proteins
2.2.1. Whey Protein
2.2.2. Casein
2.2.3. Soy Protein
2.2.4. Gelatin
2.2.5. Zein
2.2.6. Albumin
2.3. Lipids
2.3.1. Lecithin
2.3.2. Phosphatidylcholine
3. Biocompatibility and Immunocompatibility of Major Food Components Used in Drug Delivery
4. Harnessing the Future of Food-Based Drug Delivery for Glioblastoma
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class of Lipid | Characteristics | Examples | Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Phospholipids | Amphiphilic, forms bilayers, good biocompatibility | Lecithin, Phosphatidylcholine | Liposomes, micelles, nanoemulsion | [176,177,178] |
Glycolipids | Contains carbohydrate moiety, can interact with cell membranes | Gangliosides, Cerebrosides | Targeted drug delivery, vaccine delivery | |
Fatty acids | Simple structure, hydrophobic, used to enhance lipophilicity of drugs | Stearic Acid, Oleic Acid | Prodrugs, lipid nanoparticles, emulsion | |
Sterols | Provides stability to lipid bilayers, enhances membrane permeability | Cholesterol | Liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticle | |
Glycerides | Major storage form of fats, good solubility properties, biocompatible | Triglycerides, Diglycerides | Lipid emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions | |
Sphingolipids | Structural lipids, involved in cell signaling, membrane structure | Sphingomyelin, Ceramides | Liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, targeted delivery | |
Cationic lipids | Positively charged, interacts with negatively charged nucleic acids for delivery | DOTAP (1,2-Dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane), DOTMA (N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy) propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride) | Gene delivery systems, lipoplexes, lipid nanoparticles | |
Neutral lipids | Uncharged at physiological pH, useful in forming stable complexes | Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), Distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) | Uncharged at physiological pH, useful in forming stable complexes | |
Anionic lipids | Negatively charged, often used to increase the surface charge and stability | DMPG (Dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol), DPPG (Dipalmitoylphosphatid-ylglycerol) | Liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions | |
PEGylated lipids | Lipids conjugated with polyethylene glycol, improves circulation time | DSPE-PEG | Stealth liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, micelles |
I Class of Emulsion Systems | |||
---|---|---|---|
Class | Subtypes/Examples | Applications | References |
Conventional Emulsions | O/W Emulsions (creams), W/O Emulsions (Butter, ointments) | Food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals | [196] |
Multiple Emulsions | W/O/W Emulsions (Cosmetic formulations), O/W/O Emulsions (Specialized drug delivery) | Controlled release, protection of active ingredients | [197] |
Microemulsions | O/W Microemulsions (Transdermal delivery systems), W/O Microemulsions (Cosmetic formulations) | Enhanced solubilization, penetration of active ingredients | [198] |
Nanoemulsions | O/W Nanoemulsions (Nutraceuticals), W/O Nanoemulsions (Cosmetics) | High stability, enhanced bioavailability, For both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug delivery | [199] |
Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) | SEOFs (Oral drug delivery), SMEDDS (Oral drug formulations) | Enhanced oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs | [200] |
II Class of Vesicular System | |||
Liposomes | Small Unilamellar Vesicles (SUVs), Large Unilamellar Vesicles (LUVs), Multilamellar Vesicles (MLVs), Stealth Liposomes, Immunoliposomes, Cationic Liposomes | Drug delivery, gene therapy, targeted delivery | [201] |
Niosomes | Span 60, Tween 20 | Drug delivery, cosmetic formulations | [202] |
Transferosomes | Phospholipids with edge activators | Transdermal drug delivery | [203] |
Ethosomes | High ethanol content vesicles | Transdermal and dermal delivery of drugs | [204] |
Cubosomes | Nanostructured liquid crystalline particles | Drug delivery, cosmetics | [205] |
Cochleates | Solid particulate made up of continuous large lipid bilayer sheets rolled up in a spiral structure with no internal aqueous phase | Hydrophobic and amphipathic drug delivery | [206] |
Phytosomes | Complexes of phospholipids and phytochemicals | Improved bioavailability of plant extracts | [207] |
Sphingosomes | Sphingolipids-based liposomes | Targeted drug delivery, cancer therapy | [208] |
Iscoms | Immune stimulating complexes composed of antigen, phospholipid and cholesterol | Vaccine delivery | [209] |
III Lipid Particulate System | |||
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) | Glyceryl behenate, Compritol 888 ATO | Drug delivery, controlled release, targeting specific tissues | [210,211] |
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) | Oleic acid, Stearic acid | Improved drug loading, reduced drug expulsion, increased stability | [212] |
Liposomes | Phosphatidylcholine, Cholesterol | Encapsulation of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, targeted delivery, gene therapy | [213] |
Lipid–Drug Conjugates (LDCs) | Fatty acid conjugates, Lipid–peptide conjugates | Enhanced drug stability, improved bioavailability, targeted drug delivery | [214] |
Lipospheres | Composed of a solid hydrophobic fat core stabilized by a monolayer of phospholipid | Oral, parenteral delivery, gene therapy | [215] |
Class of Components | Food Components/Derivatives | Drug/Ligand | In Vitro/In Vivo Model | Main Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polysaccharides | Starch | Iron oxide nanoparticle | RAW264.7 cells were used for the macrophage uptake study. 9L glioma cells were used for tumor induction. Male Fisher 344 rats were used for plasma pharmacokinetic analyses. | Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were coated with starch material. Exhibits good biocompatibility. It enhanced magnetic tumor targeting. | [224] |
Chitosan | Silibinin | C6 glioma cells | Developed a sustained-release drug delivery system. C6 glioma cells internalized the drug-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Silibinin showed toxicity toward C6 cells. Apoptotic genes like Bax and caspase3 expression was increased. | [225] | |
Alginate | U87-MG glioblastoma cells | Cisplatin and gold nanoparticles | Synthesized the SPIO@AuNP-Cisplatin-Alginate (SACA) nano complex, composed of an SPIO core, a gold shell, and an alginate coating. Gold nanoparticles and cisplatin were used as potential radiosensitizers. Combination therapy induces more apoptosis than necrosis. | [226] | |
Pectin | Etoposide, Olaparib | Human astrocytes cells, U87 GBM cells, male CD-1 NuNu mice (10–11 weeks) | Developed pectin-based bioadhesive hydrogel and drug nanocrystals coated with PLA-PEG for post-surgical localized delivery to brain tumors. Etoposide and Olaparib with high drug loading demonstrated in vitro stability and drug release over 120 h. It showed in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. | [84] | |
Dextran | Paclitaxel | Murine glioma cells (C6) Wistar rat | RVG29 peptide was used as a ligand. Micelles prepared from the dextran provide the possibility of crossing BBB. Tumor growth is suppressed. | [227] | |
Xanthan gum | Curcumin | Rat model | Xanthan gum was used as a mucoadhesive polymer for intranasal-to-brain delivery. It showed good stability and controlled release. Xanthan gum-coated liposome exhibited higher drug distribution in the brain | [228] | |
Fucoidan | Temozolomide | C6 Cells | Fucoidan enhances the cytotoxicity of temozolomide against C6 cells. Molecular docking and simulation studies proved that temozolomide and fucoidan had the potency to bind to the inflammatory proteins through hydrogen bonds and noncovalent interactions. Dual combination promoted apoptosis. | [113] | |
Protein | Whey Protein | Aluminium phthalocyanine chloride | GBM grade IV cellline: U87MG cells | Low-cost protein drug delivery system. The hydrophobic drug was successfully encapsulated. Excellent morphological and physicochemical properties. Apoptosis was observed. Desirable for photodynamic therapy. | [19] |
Casein | 10-Hydroxycamptothecin | Brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC), Glioblastoma cells (C6), BALB/c nude mice (male, 4–5 weeks, 18–22 g) | Menthol was used as a brain-targeting ligand. Simple preparation method. Good drug loading capacity. Produced higher cytotoxicity with C6 cells. Promoted late apoptosis. Low systemic toxicity. | [125] | |
Soy Protein | Doxorubicin | U87-MG cells | Fabricated implantable in situ gelling gel for the treatment of recurrent GBM. It is biodegradable and showed drug release in a sustained manner. | [135] | |
Gelatin | Cardamom extract | U87-MG cells | Cardamom-loaded gelatin nanoparticles were prepared by using a two-step desolvation method. The polymer–extract ratio decided the size of the nanosystem. Showed good stability. A total of 70% of the drug is encapsulated. | [146] | |
Zein | Temozolomide RVG29 peptide | U87 -MG cells | Temozolomide-loaded zein nanoparticles fabricated with a ligand RVG29. Showed biocompatibility and brain targeting abilities. | [229] | |
Albumin | Temozolomide Hyaluronic acid (HA) | U87 MG cells | HA-conjugated albumin nanoparticles loaded with temozolomide were prepared. Optimized nanoparticles by using box bhenken response surface design. Enhanced temozolomide concentration in the brain due to the targeting ability of HA. | [230] | |
Lipids | Lecithin | Docetaxel Lactoferrin | U87 MG cells and Swiss albino mice | Lactoferrin was used as a ligand. Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared using emulsification and solvent evaporation methods. Increased targeting potential in the brain. | [231] |
Phosphatidylcholine | Temozolomide and Vincristine. Lactoferrin and RGD. | U87 MG and T98G cells BALB/c nude mice | Temozolomide and vincristine-coloaded nanostructured lipid carriers were formulated for GBM combination therapy. Exhibited sustained-release behavior, high cellular uptake, high cytotoxicity and synergy effects, increased drug accumulation in the tumor tissue, and obvious tumor inhibition efficiency with low systemic toxicity. | [232] |
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Rajendran, A.T.; Vadakkepushpakath, A.N. Natural Food Components as Biocompatible Carriers: A Novel Approach to Glioblastoma Drug Delivery. Foods 2024, 13, 2812. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172812
Rajendran AT, Vadakkepushpakath AN. Natural Food Components as Biocompatible Carriers: A Novel Approach to Glioblastoma Drug Delivery. Foods. 2024; 13(17):2812. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172812
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajendran, Arunraj Tharamelveliyil, and Anoop Narayanan Vadakkepushpakath. 2024. "Natural Food Components as Biocompatible Carriers: A Novel Approach to Glioblastoma Drug Delivery" Foods 13, no. 17: 2812. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172812