Ready-to-Cook Foods: Technological Developments and Future Trends—A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Product Formats of RTC Foods with a Market Survey as a Reference
4. Food Processing Technologies for RTC Food Product
4.1. Washing, Sanitation, and Antimicrobial Interventions
RTC Food | Techniques | Treatment Conditions | Effectiveness | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Washed vegetables | Electrolyzed water | 50 ppm of free chlorine, 45 s | 4 log CFU/g Salmonella inactivation | [81] |
Tomato beef brisket | Peroxyacetic acid | 10 mg/L, 30 s | Prevent cross-contamination with 106 log CFU/g Salmonella | [60] |
Chicken skewer | Peroxyacetic acid | 0.07%, 15 s | 2.0 log CFU/mL reduction in aerobic bacteria and Salmonella | [82] |
Thick-cut grilled meat slices | Chlorine dioxide | 200 ppm/400 ppm, 30 s | 0.73/1.25 log CFU/g E. coli O157:H7 inactivation | [83] |
Trout fillet | Acidic electrolyzed water | pH 2.30, free chlorine: 38 ppm, 10 min | 1.5 log Salmonella Typhimuriu and 1.2 log L. monocytogenes reduction | [59] |
Korean Army stew | Ultrasound | 40 kHz, 125.45 W/L ultrasound power, 15 min | 5.6 and 4.7 log CFU/g for E. coli and L. innocua reduction, respectively | [73] |
Washed vegetables | Ultrasound | 40 kHz, 100 W/L, 1 min | 2.5 and 2.6 log CFU/g for E. coli and L. innocua reduction respectively | [84] |
Beef patty | Gamma irradiation | 3 kGy/1.5 kGy | totally inactivating L. innocua and E. coli respectively | [77] |
Riced cauliflower | Irradiation | 0.5 kGy | 2 log CFU/g inactivation of total aerobic bacteria | [5] |
Spicy crayfish | High-pressure processing | ≥350 MPa at 1–35 °C or ≥300 MPa at 40 °C, 2 min | 5.0 log cfu/g Vibrio parahaemolyticus inactivation | [77] |
Clean tilapia fillets | Peroxyacetic acid | 300 ppm, fogging, 15 min | 1.66 CFU/g Salmonella reduction | [85] |
Hairtail fish balls | High-pressure processing | 300 MPa, 5 min | 707.67 CFU/g total colony reduction | [86] |
4.2. Peeling- and Cutting-Related Technologies
4.3. Marination Technology
Technology | Molecular Mechanism | Marination Efficiency | Food Categories | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional Marination | Flavor molecules move via simple diffusion from higher to lower concentrations. Outer layers absorb most flavor; center less affected. | Relatively slow (12–24 h). | Vegetables, small cuts of meat, fish | [103,119] |
Vacuum Marination | Reduced air pressure in vacuum chamber speeds up marinade diffusion, removing air pockets and enhancing infiltration into food spaces. | High; faster than traditional (1–2 h). | Meats, poultry, fish | [103,105,107,120] |
Injection Marination | Marinade penetrates food interior uniformly through injection channels, distributing salts, sugars, and flavors evenly. | High; precise and fast (15–30 min). | Large cuts of meat, dense products | [104,112,121,122] |
Tumblers/Rotating Drums | Constant tumbling increases contact between marinade and food, facilitating uniform and rapid marinade absorption. | High; effective for large batches (30 min to 2 h). | Meats, poultry, seafood | [106,111,123,124] |
High-Pressure Processing (HPP) | High pressure disrupts cell membranes, enhancing food matrix permeability for deeper, uniform marinade penetration. | Very high; rapid and deep penetration (3–5 min). | RTC meals, high-value products | [21,120,125,126] |
Ultrasound Marination | Ultrasonic waves generate cavitation, causing micro-shocks and turbulence that mix marinade and enhance flavor molecule absorption. | High; faster absorption (20–40 min). | Meats, seafood, vegetables | [107,127,128,129] |
Electro-Magnetic Fields (EMF) | EMF technology interacts with the food matrix, influencing marinade component movement and absorption. | Potentially high; still developing. | Meats and vegetables | [93,113] |
4.4. Frying Technology
5. Novel Packaging Technologies for RTC Food
5.1. Novel Packaging Design for RTC Foods
5.2. Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) and Vacuum Packaging (VP)
Food Category | RTC Food | O2 (%) | CO2 (%) | N2 (%) | Storage Temperature (°C) | Shelf Life (Days) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seafood | Headed and filleted chub mackerel, yellow gurnard, hake fishes | 5 | 95 | 0 | 4 | 14 | [183] |
Deskinned and filleted tilapia | 10 | 60 | 30 | 4 | 15 | [184] | |
Deskinned and filleted cape hake fish | 30 | 40 | 30 | 0 | 12 | [185] | |
Whole gutted farmed bass | 30 | 50 | 40 | 3 | 7–9 | [186] | |
Shucked and pasteurized oyster | / | 75 | 25 | 0 | 24 | [187] | |
Meat and poultry | Skinless chicken breast | / | 40 | 60 | 4 | 6 | [188] |
Raw beef meatball (ground beef, onion, bread crumb, black pepper, red pepper, cumin, salt, garlic) | 3 | 50 | 47 | 4 | 21 | [7] | |
Boneless chicken breast | / | 50 | 50 | 4 | 14 | [189] | |
Vegetable and fruit | Cut and salted Chinese cabbage | 0 | 25 | 75 | 4 | 21 | [190] |
Broccoli heads were cut into florets | 5 | 10 | / | 5 | 12 | [191] | |
Fresh, whole asparagus | 21 | 0.03 | / | 4 | 21 | [168] | |
Fenugreek sterilized with sodium hypochlorite | 10–14 | 5–8 | / | 8 | 15 | [192] | |
Papayas peeled and cut in half to scrape off the seed and the layer of flesh | 7.2 | 5.2 | / | 15 | 6 | [193] |
5.3. Active Packaging
5.4. Intelligent Packaging
5.5. Biodegradable Packaging
6. Future Perspectives
6.1. Consumer Acceptance
6.2. Personalized Food
6.3. Distribution and E-Commerce
6.4. Emerging Technologies
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Meals Type | Packaging | Sources | |
---|---|---|---|---|
North America (US) | Blue Apron | Diverse meal options, including classic, vegetarian, and wellness-focused recipes. | Cardboard boxes, recyclable packaging, ice packs. | https://www.blueapron.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 |
Sunbasket® | Organic and clean ingredient options with choices such as paleo, keto, and vegetarian. | Cardboard boxes, insulated liners, ice packs. | https://sunbasket.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Green Chef | USDA-certified organic meals with various diet plans such as keto, paleo, and balanced. | Cardboard boxes, compostable or recyclable packaging, ice packs. | https://www.greenchef.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
EveryPlate | Budget-friendly meal options with straightforward recipes. | Cardboard boxes, recyclable materials, ice packs. | https://www.everyplate.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Freshly | Fully prepared meals that are ready to heat and eat. | Plastic containers, cardboard shipping boxes. | https://www.bonappetit.com/story/freshly-review-meal-delivery-service, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Gobble | Meals designed for quick preparation with pre-prepped ingredients. | Cardboard boxes, insulated liners, ice packs. | https://www.gobble.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Snap Kitchen | Fully prepared, healthy meals focusing on balanced nutrition. | Plastic containers, insulated boxes, ice packs. | https://www.snapkitchen.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Europe (UK, Germany) | Gousto | Wide range of recipes including family meals, vegetarian, and calorie-controlled options. | Cardboard boxes, insulated liners, ice packs. | https://www.gousto.co.uk, accessed on: 31 August 2024 |
Kochhaus | German-style meal kits with diverse recipes, including seasonal and regional dishes. | Cardboard boxes, recyclable or compostable materials, ice packs. | https://www.gessato.com/map_listing/kochhaus/, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Chefkoch Box | German meal kits with a variety of recipes tailored to different tastes. | Cardboard boxes, recyclable materials, ice packs. | https://www.chefkoch.de/rs/s0/etepetete+box/Rezepte.html, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Feast Box | Diverse meal options with a focus on high-quality ingredients and global cuisines. | Cardboard boxes, insulated liners, ice packs. | https://feastbox.co.in, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Marley Spoon | Martha Stewart-inspired recipes with a variety of meal options. | Cardboard boxes, insulated liners, ice packs. | https://www.marleyspoon.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
HelloFresh® | Variety of recipes including classic, vegetarian, and family-friendly options. | Cardboard boxes, recyclable and compostable materials, refrigerated gel packs. | https://www.hellofresh.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Asia pacific (Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore) | YouFoodz | Ready-made meals, including options such as high-protein, low-calorie, and vegetarian. | Meals are packaged using Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP), sealed in recyclable plastic trays with cardboard sleeves. | https://www.youfoodz.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 |
Lite n’ Easy | Ready-made meals and meal plans designed for weight loss and healthy living, offering calorie-controlled and balanced options. | Meals are vacuum-sealed in plastic trays and delivered in insulated boxes to maintain freshness. | https://www.liteneasy.com.au, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
CookUp | Gourmet, pre-prepared meals crafted by chefs, offering a range of cuisines and dietary options. | Typically delivered in eco-friendly, microwave-safe containers made from recyclable materials. | https://www.cookupclasses.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Box Green | Plant-based and vegan meal kits, emphasizing sustainable and healthy eating. | Uses biodegradable and compostable materials for both meal containers and delivery boxes. | https://www.boxgreen.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
The Good Kitchen | Healthy, balanced, chef-prepared ready-to-eat meals. | Meals are delivered in microwave-safe, recyclable containers that keep food fresh without preservatives. | https://www.thegoodkitchen.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Middle East and Africa (UAE, Saudi Arabia, South Africa) | Hello Chef | Varied cuisines, including vegetarian and low-carb. | Insulated, recyclable boxes with biodegradable packaging. | https://hellochef.me, accessed on: 31 August 2024 |
Munchbox | Portion-controlled, healthy snacks, and meals. | Eco-friendly, portion-controlled containers. | https://www.mymunchbox.com.au, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Afresh | Balanced, low-carb, and vegetarian options. | Eco-friendly, insulated, and recyclable materials. | https://www.afresh.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 | |
Daily Dish | Vegetarian, gluten-free, and low-carb. | Recyclable containers designed for freshness. | https://dailydish.com, accessed on: 31 August 2024 |
Product Name | Company | Function and Application | Sources |
---|---|---|---|
Freshness Sensors | Insignia Technologies (North Lanarkshire, Scotland) | Time–temperature indicators that alert about freshness, monitoring perishable RTC items. | https://www.insigniatechnologies.com, accessed on 10 September 2024 |
Oxygen Scavengers | Multisorb Technologies (New York, NY, USA) | Reduces oxygen in packaging to extend shelf life, crucial for preventing oxidation in meat, fish, and poultry. | https://www.multisorb.com, accessed on 10 September 2024 |
FreshTag | Cryolog (Paris, France) | Colorimetric indicator based on microbial growth, enhancing microbial safety, especially in seafood and poultry. | https://app.airsaas.io/fr/produit/cryolog, accessed on 10 September 2024 |
Thermochromic Labels | Timestrip® (Cambridge, UK) | Labels indicate exposure to improper temperatures, ideal for real-time monitoring of chilled RTC products. | https://timestrip.com, accessed on 10 September 2024 |
Freshness Indicators | Fuji Seal (Osaka, Japan) | Visual indicators of freshness that extend shelf life, particularly for RTC sushi and ready-to-eat meals. | https://www.fujiseal.com, accessed on 10 September 2024 |
Intelligent Packaging | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical (Osaka, Japan) | Includes oxygen absorbers and moisture control agents, essential for RTC meals sensitive to oxygen and moisture. | https://us.mitsubishi-chemical.com/industry/food/, accessed on 10 September 2024 |
AIPIA Packaging Innovation | Sorbent Systems (Los Angeles, CA, USA) | Active packaging solutions with oxygen scavengers and moisture absorbers, maintaining freshness and safety during storage and transport. | https://www.sorbentsystems.com, accessed on 10 September 2024 |
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Cui, T.; Gine, G.R.; Lei, Y.; Shi, Z.; Jiang, B.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, H. Ready-to-Cook Foods: Technological Developments and Future Trends—A Systematic Review. Foods 2024, 13, 3454. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13213454
Cui T, Gine GR, Lei Y, Shi Z, Jiang B, Yan Y, Zhang H. Ready-to-Cook Foods: Technological Developments and Future Trends—A Systematic Review. Foods. 2024; 13(21):3454. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13213454
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Tianqi, Goh Rui Gine, Yuqin Lei, Zhiling Shi, Beichen Jiang, Yifan Yan, and Hongchao Zhang. 2024. "Ready-to-Cook Foods: Technological Developments and Future Trends—A Systematic Review" Foods 13, no. 21: 3454. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13213454