Novel Electromagnetic Heat Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Essential Oil from Tangerine Peel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Apparatus Description
2.3. Electromagnetic Heat Hydrodistillation (EH-HD), Hydrodistillation (HD), and Ohmic Heating Hydrodistillation (OH-HD)
2.4. Essential Oil Characterization
2.4.1. Essential Oil Density
2.4.2. Moisture Content
2.4.3. Acid Value
2.4.4. Saponification Value
2.4.5. GC-MS Analysis
2.5. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for Feedstock
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Process Parameters
3.2. Effect of EH-HD Process Parameters on Extraction Yield
3.3. Physicochemical Properties of Essential Oils
3.4. GC-MS Analysis
3.5. Morphological Analysis of Citrus Peel Residue (SEM)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Excitation Voltage (V) | Magnetic Field Strength (T) | Induced Voltage (V) | IEF-Calculated (V/cm) | IEF-Measured (V/cm) | I2 (A) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
500 | 0.69 | 12,000 | 16 | 13.5 ± 0.2 b | 0.14 |
1000 | 1.39 | 24,000 | 32 | 28.7 ± 0.3 a | 0.28 |
Physicochemical Properties | Conventional Hydrodistillation (HD-EO) | Ohmic Heating Hydrodistillation (OH-EO) | Electromagnetic Heat Hydrodistillation (EH-EO) |
---|---|---|---|
Densitiy (g/mL) | 0.852 ± 0.003 b | 0.858 ± 0.001 a | 0.849 ± 0.002 b |
Acid value (mg KOH/g) | 3.376 ± 0.022 a | 3.189 ± 0.018 b | 3.052 ± 0.017 c |
Saponification value (mg KOH/g) | 189.31 ± 0.12 c | 193.42 ± 0.19 b | 196.88 ± 0.11 a |
No. | Compound Name | Chemical Formula | Conventional Hydrodistillation (HD-EO) | Ohmic Heating Hydrodistillation (OH-EO) | Electromagnetic Heat Hydrodistillation (EH-EO) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retention Time (s) | Area (%) | Retention Time (s) | Area (%) | Retention Time (s) | Area (%) | |||
1 | α-Pinene | C10H16 | 273.28 | 3.07 | 273.25 | 2.60 | 273.17 | 2.17 |
2 | Camphene | C10H16 | 320.10 | 0.06 | 319.79 | 0.05 | 319.82 | 0.05 |
3 | Pentane, 2-methyl- | C6H14 | 381.85 | 6.95 | 349.95 | 3.26 | 340.82 | 1.02 |
4 | β-Pinene | C10H16 | 364.80 | 3.83 | 364.87 | 4.30 | 364.58 | 3.07 |
5 | Sabinene | C10H16 | 380.90 | 4.74 | 380.90 | 4.69 | 380.78 | 5.71 |
6 | Succinic anhydride | C4H4O3 | 384.46 | 1.29 | 386.12 | 1.37 | 385.98 | 0.92 |
7 | 3-Carene | C10H16 | 410.02 | 0.05 | 410.24 | 0.36 | 410.05 | 0.15 |
8 | β-Myrcene | C10H16 | 428.93 | 1.53 | 429.20 | 2.90 | 429.03 | 2.25 |
9 | Terpinene | C10H16 | 443.21 | 0.15 | 444.32 | 0.18 | 444.30 | 0.11 |
10 | Limonene | C10H16 | 466.15 | 24.29 | 464.81 | 33.25 | 462.81 | 26.34 |
11 | D-Limonene | C10H16 | 462.75 | 29.89 | 468.73 | 26.45 | 464.89 | 37.20 |
12 | β-Phellandrene | C10H16 | 472.71 | 0.28 | 474.30 | 0.21 | 473.29 | 0.08 |
13 | γ-Terpinene | C10H16 | 508.93 | 13.61 | 509.01 | 9.29 | 508.99 | 10.11 |
14 | O-Cymene | C10H14 | nd | nd | 533.46 | 0.10 | 533.64 | 0.17 |
15 | Octanal | C8H16O | 550.88 | 0.31 | 550.95 | 0.23 | 550.93 | 0.39 |
16 | Nonanal | C9H18O | 642.98 | 0.32 | 642.85 | 0.31 | 642.75 | 0.44 |
17 | P-Mentha-1,5,8-triene | C10H14 | 671.25 | 0.01 | 671.25 | 0.01 | 671.22 | 0.10 |
18 | Acetic acid, octyl ester | C10H20O2 | 707.24 | 0.03 | 691.65 | 0.05 | 707.32 | 0.08 |
19 | Trans-Limonene Oxide | C10H16O | 696.50 | 0.08 | 696.48 | 0.15 | 696.49 | 0.09 |
20 | Citronellal | C10H18O | 712.53 | 0.06 | 712.48 | 0.09 | 712.50 | 0.11 |
21 | Copaene | C15H24 | 723.66 | 0.06 | 723.69 | 0.18 | 723.86 | 0.07 |
22 | Decanal | C10H20O | 727.75 | 0.04 | 728.07 | 1.35 | 727.82 | 0.98 |
23 | Linalool | C10H18O | 762.91 | 1.86 | 762.72 | 2.08 | 762.82 | 2.88 |
24 | Trans-α-Bergamotene | C15H24 | 781.20 | 0.01 | nd | nd | 794.49 | 0.03 |
25 | β-Elemene | C15H24 | 797.98 | 0.03 | 798.17 | 0.08 | 799.05 | 0.04 |
26 | β-Sophorene | C15H24 | 800.90 | 0.24 | 800.95 | 0.25 | 802.32 | 0.14 |
27 | Caryophyllene | C15H24 | 805.35 | 0.27 | 805.25 | 0.30 | 806.69 | 0.16 |
28 | Undecanal | C11H22O | 807.30 | 0.27 | 807.24 | 0.10 | nd | nd |
29 | Cis-β-Farnesene | C15H24 | 814.28 | 0.01 | 849.37 | 0.09 | nd | nd |
30 | Neral | C10H16O | 864.58 | 0.36 | 864.48 | 0.31 | 864.46 | 0.15 |
31 | α-Terpineol | C10H18O | 876.67 | 1.27 | 876.72 | 1.46 | 876.67 | 1.57 |
32 | Dodecanal | C12H24O | 882.16 | 0.13 | 882.32 | 0.25 | 882.31 | 0.19 |
33 | Valencene | C15H24 | nd | nd | 891.56 | 0.39 | 891.67 | 0.32 |
34 | β-Bisabolene | C15H24 | 894.23 | 0.27 | 894.19 | 0.20 | nd | nd |
35 | Citral | C10H16O | 899.27 | 0.85 | 899.22 | 0.65 | 899.26 | 0.36 |
36 | Carvone | C10H14O | 903.32 | 0.16 | 903.34 | 0.30 | 903.34 | 1.03 |
37 | Nerol | C12H20O2 | 911.71 | 0.49 | 911.70 | 0.09 | 911.69 | 0.03 |
38 | Perillaldehyde | C10H14O | 938.88 | 0.07 | 938.90 | 0.11 | 938.86 | 0.15 |
39 | (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal | C10H16O | 952.82 | 0.01 | 952.86 | 0.02 | 952.82 | 0.02 |
40 | D-piperonone | C10H14O | 974.30 | 0.01 | 974.31 | 0.04 | 974.28 | 0.07 |
41 | Perilla acetate | C12H18O2 | 981.35 | 0.05 | 981.30 | 0.04 | 981.52 | 0.05 |
42 | 1-Decanol | C10H22O | 995.71 | 0.15 | 995.17 | 0.46 | 994.94 | 0.27 |
43 | Geranyl formate | C12H18O2 | 1037.23 | 0.38 | 1036.80 | 0.25 | nd | nd |
44 | Caryophyllene oxide | C15H24O | 1065.51 | 0.01 | 1065.47 | 0.02 | 1065.49 | 0.01 |
45 | Phenol | C6H6O | 1074.46 | 0.35 | 1074.59 | 0.03 | 1074.59 | 0.03 |
46 | Methyleugenol | C11H14O2 | 1076.64 | 0.08 | 1076.48 | 0.01 | 1076.64 | 0.01 |
47 | Octanoic acid | C8H16O2 | 1102.17 | 0.04 | 1101.15 | 0.04 | 1065.49 | 0.01 |
48 | Elemol | C15H26O | 1121.80 | 0.01 | 1121.61 | 0.02 | 1121.61 | 0.03 |
49 | Perilla alcohol | C10H16O | 1129.28 | 0.06 | 1128.62 | 0.08 | 1137.89 | 0.06 |
50 | Nonanoic acid | C9H18O2 | 1163.47 | 0.02 | 1162.61 | 0.02 | 1162.92 | 0.03 |
51 | Thymol | C10H14O | nd | nd | 1176.26 | 0.01 | 1193.46 | 0.01 |
52 | Sinensal | C15H22O | 1202.08 | 0.01 | 1202.14 | 0.02 | 1202.12 | 0.02 |
53 | N-Decanoic acid | C10H20O2 | 1221.70 | 0.01 | 1220.84 | 0.02 | 1221.18 | 0.03 |
Sum (in % total) | 98.13 | 99.12 | 99.31 |
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Yang, N.; Jin, Y. Novel Electromagnetic Heat Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Essential Oil from Tangerine Peel. Foods 2024, 13, 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050677
Yang N, Jin Y. Novel Electromagnetic Heat Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Essential Oil from Tangerine Peel. Foods. 2024; 13(5):677. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050677
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Na, and Yamei Jin. 2024. "Novel Electromagnetic Heat Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Essential Oil from Tangerine Peel" Foods 13, no. 5: 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050677