The Lipidic and Volatile Components of Coffee Pods and Capsules Packaged in an Alternative Multilayer Film
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Samples
- -
- Polyethylene terephthalate at 12 microns, aluminum at 8 microns, and polyethylene at 60 microns (PET-AL-PE) with an Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) of <1.0 and 99 g/m2 grammage.
- -
- Polyethylene terephthalate at 12 microns, Metallized Polyethylene Terephthalate at 12 microns, and polyethylene of 55 microns thick (PET-MPET-PE) with an OTR of <1.5 and 90 g/m2 grammage.
2.3. Evaluation of Oxygen Percentage during Shelf Life
2.4. Moisture Content
2.5. Fat Extraction
2.6. Peroxide Value
2.7. Volatile Organic Compounds
2.8. Sensory Evaluation
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Percentage of Oxygen in the Headspace during Shelf Life
3.2. Moisture Content
3.3. Fat Yield
3.4. Peroxide Values
3.5. Volatile Organic Compounds
3.6. Sensory Evaluation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Temperature | 25 °C | 40 °C | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (Days) | Time 0 | 90 Days | 180 Days | 90 Days | 180 Days | ||||
Type of Packaging | STD | ALT | STD | ALT | STD | ALT | STD | ALT | |
Pods | 1.09 ± 0.11 | 1.81 ± 0.23 | 1.70 ± 0.15 | 2.15 ± 0.25 | 2.30 ± 0.38 | 1.75 ± 0.50 | 1.09 ± 0.11 | 1.81 ± 0.23 | 1.70 ± 0.15 |
Capsules | 1.15 ± 0.02 | 1.60 ± 0.22 | 1.88 ± 0.13 | 2.59 ± 0.12 | 2.70 ± 0.27 | 2.19 ± 0.04 | 2.22 ± 0.33 | 3.25 ± 0.15 | 3.13 ± 0.22 |
25 °C | 40 °C | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time 0 | 90 Days | 180 Days | 90 Days | 180 Days | |||||
Compound | STD | ALT | STD | ALT | STD | ALT | STD | ALT | |
∑ Furans | 36.47 ± 0.30 | 42.47 ± 0.06 b | 45.35 ± 0.08 a | 42.86 ± 0.15 b | 49.65 ± 0.06 a | 40.03 ± 0.10 b | 50.13 ± 0.15 a | 40.64 ± 0.20 b | 49.11 ± 0.20 a |
2-Furanmethanol | 18.88 ± 0.37 | 20.02 ± 0.08 b | 25.27 ± 0.10 a | 24.14 ± 0.36 b | 29.82 ± 0.03 a | 19.95 ± 0.20 b | 25.21 ± 0.01 a | 23.09 ± 0.67 b | 29.94 ± 0.32 a |
Furfuryl acetate | 7.28 ± 0.59 | 9.82 ± 0.04 a | 7.93 ± 0.29 b | 8.76 ± 0.17 a | 7.35 ± 0.04 b | 9.08 ± 0.07 b | 10.62 ± 0.46 a | 8.86 ± 0.31 a | 8.51 ± 0.06 a |
Furfuryl isovalerate | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.45 ± 0.01 a | 0.39 ± 0.01 b | 0.39 ± 0.04 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | 0.39 ± 0.03 a | 0.31 ± 0.01 b | 0.39 ± 0.01 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 a |
Furfural | 4.51 ± 0.66 | 4.02 ± 0.13 a | 3.92 ± 0.13 a | 2.41 ± 0.05 b | 5.04 ± 0.17 a | 4.04 ± 0.10 b | 5.21 ± 0.08 a | 2.10 ± 0.06 b | 2.75 ± 0.04 a |
Dihydro-2-methyl-3-furanone | 1.49 ± 0.31 | 0.89 ± 0.04 a | 0.84 ± 0.03 a | 1.00 ± 0.06 a | 0.90 ± 0.05 a | 3.93 ± 0.08 b | 6.33 ± 0.30 a | 3.41 ± 0.15 b | 5.11 ± 0.01 a |
5-methyl-Furfural | 3.37 ± 0.11 | 5.15 ± 0.01 b | 5.37 ± 0.01 a | 4.51 ± 0.14 a | 4.76 ± 0.06 a | 0.88 ± 0.03 a | 0.81 ± 0.02 a | 1.01 ± 0.05 a | 0.96 ± 0.01 a |
2,2′-Methylenebisfuran | 0.53 ± 0.03 | 1.71 ± 0.02 a | 1.24 ± 0.03 b | 1.32 ± 0.13 a | 0.95 ± 0.02 b | 1.45 ± 0.30 a | 1.25 ± 0.10 a | 1.41 ± 0.03 a | 1.08 ± 0.06 a |
Difurfuryl ether | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.31 ± 0.01 a | 0.30 ± 0.02 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 b | 0.36 ± 0.01 a | 0.22 ± 0.02 a | 0.28 ± 0.02 a | 0.21 ± 0.04 a | 0.29 ± 0.01 a |
Furfuryl methyl ether | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 0.10 ± 0.03 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.08 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.06 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.02 a |
∑ Pyrazines | 29.88 ± 0.34 | 27.46 ± 0.07 a | 24.41 ± 0.08 b | 22.04 ± 0.09 a | 19.89 ± 0.09 b | 27.36 ± 0.08 a | 25.12 ± 0.06 b | 25.20 ± 0.60 a | 23.30 ± 0.14 b |
2,5 dimethylpyrazine | 17.75 ± 0.59 | 13.73 ± 0.05 a | 12.39 ± 0.03 b | 8.90 ± 0.39 a | 7.24 ± 0.40 b | 13.32 ± 0.31 a | 12.64 ± 0.06 a | 10.65 ± 0.39 a | 10.71 ± 0.17 a |
2-Methylpyrazine | 5.47 ± 0.49 | 3.58 ± 0.17 a | 3.31 ± 0.08 a | 3.74 ± 0.03 a | 4.00 ± 0.18 a | 3.69 ± 0.07 b | 4.44 ± 0.04 a | 4.02 ± 0.10 b | 4.49 ± 0.07 a |
2-Ethyl-6-methylpyrazine | 2.87 ± 1.20 | 2.48 ± 0.09 a | 2.22 ± 0.15 a | 1.62 ± 0.01 a | 1.85 ± 0.05 a | 2.68 ± 0.05 a | 2.35 ± 0.11 a | 2.44 ± 0.94 a | 2.30 ± 0.50 a |
2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine | 1.89 ± 0.04 | 3.05 ± 0.07 a | 2.41 ± 0.12 b | 3.14 ± 0.02 a | 2.56 ± 0.03 b | 3.31 ± 0.09 a | 2.25 ± 0.13 b | 3.44 ± 0.16 a | 2.27 ± 0.02 b |
2,5-Dimethyl-3-ethylpyrazine | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 1.38 ± 0.01 a | 1.11 ± 0.01 b | 1.50 ± 0.01 a | 1.08 ± 0.02 b | 1.43 ± 0.06 a | 1.02 ± 0.07 b | 1.40 ± 0.06 a | 1.03 ± 0.08 b |
3-Methoxy-2-isopropylpyrazine | 0.76 ± 0.15 | 1.48 ± 0.09 a | 1.33 ± 0.03 a | 1.51 ± 0.02 a | 1.20 ± 0.03 b | 1.16 ± 0.03 a | 1.04 ± 0.01 b | 1.11 ± 0.08 a | 0.96 ± 0.02 a |
Isopropenylpyrazine | 0.22 ± 0.04 | 1.34 ± 0.02 a | 1.01 ± 0.02 b | 1.20 ± 0.03 a | 0.95 ± 0.05 b | 1.16 ± 0.04 a | 0.86 ± 0.03 b | 0.97 ± 0.04 a | 0.77 ± 0.04 b |
5-Methyl-6,7dihydro5-Hcyclopentapyrazine | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.01 a | 0.24 ± 0.03 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 b | 0.49 ± 0.03 a | 0.34 ± 0.01 b | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 0.64 ± 0.03 a | 0.48 ± 0.01 b |
2-methyl-5-(1-propenyl) Pyrazine | 0.14 ± 0.08 | 0.08 ± 0.02 b | 0.39 ± 0.01 a | 0.13 ± 0.05 b | 0.52 ± 0.05 a | 0.27 ± 0.03 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 0.53 ± 0.04 a | 0.29 ± 0.01 b |
∑ Pyridines | 10.90 ± 0.46 | 7.26 ± 0.12 a | 7.08 ± 0.09 a | 8.29 ± 0.08 a | 7.03 ± 0.03 b | 8.21 ± 0.05 a | 3.81 ± 0.03 b | 7.76 ± 0.06 a | 3.97 ± 0.01 b |
Pyridine | 9.67 ± 0.33 | 4.85 ± 0.36 a | 5.24 ± 0.20 a | 5.78 ± 0.18 a | 5.90 ± 0.06 a | 5.96 ± 0.10 a | 3.29 ± 0.07 b | 5.79 ± 0.12 a | 3.71 ± 0.01 b |
1-Methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine | 0.88 ± 0.12 | 2.06 ± 0.01 a | 1.54 ± 0.04 b | 2.17 ± 0.02 a | 0.86 ± 0.03 b | 1.89 ± 0.06 a | 0.37 ± 0.01 b | 1.63 ± 0.09 a | 0.13 ± 0.01 b |
3-Ethylpyridine | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.03 a | 0.30 ± 0.02 a | 0.34 ± 0.04 a | 0.27 ± 0.01 b | 0.36 ± 0.03 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | 0.34 ± 0.04 a | 0.13 ± 0.01 b |
∑ Ketones | 11.03 ± 1.06 | 6.81 ± 0.02 b | 7.01 ± 0.06 a | 8.25 ± 0.03 a | 6.88 ± 0.03 b | 6.03 ± 0.05 a | 4.60 ± 0.05 b | 7.02 ± 0.04 a | 5.56 ± 0.04 b |
1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone | 8.27 ± 0.13 | 4.30 ± 0.03 a | 3.99 ± 0.21 a | 4.23 ± 0.05 a | 4.11 ± 0.05 b | 3.42 ± 0.18 a | 2.82 ± 0.15 b | 3.83 ± 0.06 a | 3.35 ± 0.08 b |
Acetone | 1.42 ± 1.07 | 0.36 ± 0.04 b | 1.07 ± 0.02 a | 1.87 ± 0.01 a | 1.29 ± 0.04 b | 1.03 ± 0.04 a | 0.65 ± 0.03 b | 1.66 ± 0.10 a | 0.99 ± 0.04 b |
3-Hydroxy-2-butanone | 0.74 ± 0.13 | 0.65 ± 0.01 a | 0.45 ± 0.01 b | 0.63 ± 0.01 a | 0.44 ± 0.01 b | 0.53 ± 0.01 a | 0.31 ± 0.02 b | 0.59 ± 0.04 a | 0.32 ± 0.01 b |
2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one | 0.34 ± 0.04 | 0.80 ± 0.01 a | 0.86 ± 0.04 a | 0.89 ± 0.02 a | 0.57 ± 0.02 b | 0.50 ± 0.01 a | 0.45 ± 0.02 a | 0.48 ± 0.04 a | 0.54 ± 0.02 a |
3-Ethyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopentenone | 0.27 ± 0.06 | 0.70 ± 0.01 a | 0.64 ± 0.02 a | 0.63 ± 0.01 a | 0.47 ± 0.01 b | 0.55 ± 0.02 a | 0.37 ± 0.01 b | 0.46 ± 0.02 a | 0.36 ± 0.01 b |
∑Phenols | 1.61 ± 0.04 | 4.09 ± 0.02 a | 3.57 ± 0.06 b | 3.41 ± 0.03 a | 2.59 ± 0.03 b | 2.97 ± 0.07 a | 2.89 ± 0.08 a | 2.64 ± 0.03 a | 2.46 ± 0.04 b |
Guaiacol | 0.74 ± 0.07 | 1.00 ± 0.01 b | 1.20 ± 0.16 a | 0.86 ± 0.05 a | 0.71 ± 0.02 b | 0.71 ± 0.21 a | 0.86 ± 0.27 a | 0.52 ± 0.02 a | 0.68 ± 0.02 b |
4-Vinylphenol | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 1.94 ± 0.04 a | 1.37 ± 0.02 b | 1.55 ± 0.01 a | 1.04 ± 0.03 b | 1.36 ± 0.02 a | 1.03 ± 0.02 b | 1.07 ± 0.04 a | 0.77 ± 0.03 b |
4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.82 ± 0.01 a | 0.75 ± 0.05 a | 0.72 ± 0.01 a | 0.49 ± 0.02 b | 0.74 ± 0.05 a | 0.63 ± 0.07 a | 0.77 ± 0.03 a | 0.59 ± 0.01 b |
Phenol | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.02 a | 0.25 ± 0.02 b | 0.28 ± 0.02 a | 0.35 ± 0.04 a | 0.16 ± 0.03 b | 0.37 ± 0.05 a | 0.28 ± 0.02 b | 0.42 ± 0.06 a |
∑Pyrroles | 1.82 ± 0.30 | 3.72 ± 0.03 a | 3.15 ± 0.03 b | 4.03 ± 0.04 a | 3.73 ± 0.02 b | 4.30 ± 0.03 a | 3.33 ± 0.03 b | 4.15 ± 0.05 a | 4.04 ± 0.04 a |
1-Furfurylpyrrole | 0.76 ± 0.01 | 0.98 ± 0.04 a | 0.76 ± 0.03 b | 1.70 ± 0.08 a | 1.34 ± 0.01 b | 1.58 ± 0.01 a | 0.79 ± 0.02 b | 1.56 ± 0.06 a | 1.46 ± 0.04 a |
2-Acetyl-1-methylpyrrole | 0.75 ± 0.24 | 1.47 ± 0.05 a | 1.18 ± 0.05 b | 1.33 ± 0.03 a | 1.07 ± 0.01 b | 1.59 ± 0.03 a | 1.38 ± 0.03 b | 1.61 ± 0.06 a | 1.27 ± 0.03 b |
2-Acetylpyrrole | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.99 ± 0.02 a | 0.99 ± 0.03 a | 0.77 ± 0.02 b | 1.09 ± 0.02 a | 0.94 ± 0.01 a | 1.01 ± 0.02 a | 0.81 ± 0.06 b | 1.12 ± 0.05 a |
1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde | n.d. | 0.28 ± 0.02 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | 0.23 ± 0.01 a | 0.23 ± 0.02 a | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.03 a | 0.17 ± 0.02 a | 0.19 ± 0.04 a |
∑ Aldehydes | 0.76 ± 0.29 | 1.68 ± 0.03 a | 1.20 ± 0.02 b | 1.82 ± 0.02 a | 1.05 ± 0.03 b | 1.72 ± 0.01 a | 0.88 ± 0.01 b | 1.92 ± 0.05 a | 0.79 ± 0.02 b |
2-Butenal | 0.45 ± 0.06 | 1.19 ± 0.06 a | 1.20 ± 0.02 a | 1.24 ± 0.01 a | 1.05 ± 0.03 b | 1.27 ± 0.01 a | 0.88 ± 0.01 b | 1.13 ± 0.06 a | 0.79 ± 0.02 b |
Benzaldehyde | 0.31 ± 0.23 | 0.49 ± 0.01 b | n.d. | 0.58 ± 0.02 a | n.d. | 0.45 ± 0.01 a | n.d. | 0.79 ± 0.04 a | n.d. |
∑ Others | 7.58 ± 0.39 | 6.52 ± 0.02 b | 8.23 ± 0.07 a | 9.30 ± 0.09 a | 9.18 ± 0.04 a | 9.38 ± 0.07 a | 9.24 ± 0.14 a | 10.66 ± 0.10 a | 10.77 ± 0.03 a |
Acetic acid | 7.11 ± 0.34 | 5.26 ± 0.04 b | 6.98 ± 0.25 a | 8.24 ± 0.31 a | 8.50 ± 0.08 a | 8.73 ± 0.20 a | 8.87 ± 0.46 a | 10.11 ± 0.35 a | 10.27 ± 0.05 a |
Maltol | 0.43 ± 0.07 | 1.21 ± 0.02 a | 1.21 ± 0.01 a | 0.99 ± 0.01 a | 0.63 ± 0.01 b | 0.61 ± 0.02 a | 0.32 ± 0.06 b | 0.50 ± 0.02 a | 0.44 ± 0.05 a |
3,4-Dimethoxystyrene | 0.04 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.03 a | 0.04 ± 0.02 b | 0.07 ± 0.03 a | 0.05 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.03 a | 0.05 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 a |
4-Ethyl-decane | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
25 °C | 40 °C | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time 0 | 90 Days | 180 Days | 90 Days | 180 Days | |||||
Compound | STD | ALT | STD | ALT | STD | ALT | STD | ALT | |
∑ Furans | 27.40 ± 0.30 | 37.3 ± 0.09 a | 36.11 ± 0.14 a | 34.65 ± 0.07 b | 34.69 ± 0.09 a | 36.69 ± 0.04 b | 42.91 ± 0.10 a | 34.65 ± 0.07 b | 44.06 ± 0.03 a |
2-Furanmethanol | 11.68 ± 2.28 | 19.13 ± 0.04 a | 17.57 ± 0.30 b | 16.34 ± 0.06 a | 20.26 ± 0.07 b | 13.53 ± 0.06 b | 22.49 ± 0.28 a | 16.34 ± 0.06 b | 24.10 ± 0.03 a |
Furfuryl acetate | 6.44 ± 1.81 | 8.74 ± 0.15 b | 9.24 ± 0.05 a | 6.84 ± 0.13 a | 5.18 ± 0.25 b | 7.99 ± 0.02 a | 5.95 ± 0.06 b | 6.84 ± 0.13 a | 6.76 ± 0.04 b |
Furfuryl isovalerate | 1.15 ± 0.18 | 2.90 ± 0.05 a | 1.91 ± 0.04 b | 3.99 ± 0.12 a | 2.71 ± 0.06 b | 9.59 ± 0.01 a | 6.34 ± 0.03 b | 3.99 ± 0.12 b | 5.72 ± 0.04 a |
Furfural | 3.36 ± 0.17 | 1.21 ± 0.09 b | 2.50 ± 0.07 a | 2.53 ± 0.16 a | 1.28 ± 0.06 b | 1.96 ± 0.03 b | 3.00 ± 0.17 a | 2.53 ± 0.16 b | 3.24 ± 0.06 a |
Dihydro-2-methyl-3-furanone | 2.66 ± 0.84 | 2.58 ± 0.08 a | 2.11 ± 0.06 b | 2.06 ± 0.09 a | 2.07 ± 0.08 b | 2.20 ± 0.08 a | 2.20 ± 0.01 a | 2.06 ± 0.09 a | 1.97 ± 0.02 a |
5-methyl-Furfural | 1.35 ± 0.28 | 1.62 ± 0.02 a | 1.78 ± 0.08 a | 1.84 ± 0.14 b | 2.03 ± 0.10 a | 1.94 ± 0.06 a | 1.48 ± 0.09 b | 1.84 ± 0.14 a | 1.40 ± 0.05 b |
2,2′-Methylenebisfuran | 0.29 ± 0.12 | 0.47 ± 0.01 a | 0.50 ± 0.01 a | 0.45 ± 0.01 b | 0.50 ± 0.01 a | 0.98 ± 0.02 a | 0.60 ± 0.01 b | 0.45 ± 0.01 a | 0.50 ± 0.02 a |
Difurfuryl ether | 0.32 ± 0.06 | 0.56 ± 0.01 a | 0.34 ± 0.03 b | 0.46 ± 0.04 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 b | 0.31 ± 0.01 a | 0.32 ± 0.02 a | 0.46 ± 0.04 a | 0.25 ± 0.03 b |
Furfuryl methyl ether | 0.15 ± 0.05 | 0.09 ± 0.01 b | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.14 ± 0.02 a | 0.16 ± 0.02 a | 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.50 ± 0.01 a | 0.14 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a |
∑ Pyrazines | 34.22 ± 0.23 | 28.62 ± 0.22 b | 32.42 ± 0.09 a | 31.84 ± 0.18 a | 30.38 ± 0.11 b | 33.37 ± 0.11 a | 29.28 ± 0.04 b | 31.84 ± 0.18 a | 27.11 ± 0.03 b |
2,5 dimethylpyrazine | 15.08 ± 0.86 | 9.49 ± 0.03 b | 14.66 ± 0.10 a | 13.91 ± 0.16 a | 13.02 ± 0.47 a | 14.65 ± 0.45 a | 13.14 ± 0.03 b | 13.91 ± 0.16 a | 10.86 ± 0.01 b |
2-Methylpyrazine | 6.08 ± 1.45 | 2.42 ± 0.15 b | 3.59 ± 0.05 a | 1.89 ± 0.05 b | 3.21 ± 0.02 a | 1.97 ± 0.07 a | 1.38 ± 0.02 b | 1.89 ± 0.05 a | 1.62 ± 0.03 b |
2-Ethyl-6-methylpyrazine | 4.35 ± 0.60 | 7.86 ± 0.38 a | 6.60 ± 0.11 b | 7.62 ± 0.24 a | 7.14 ± 0.17 a | 8.00 ± 0.08 a | 7.50 ± 0.12 b | 7.62 ± 0.24 a | 7.19 ± 0.02 b |
2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine | 4.68 ± 1.34 | 2.94 ± 0.06 a | 2.19 ± 0.08 b | 2.71 ± 0.17 a | 2.01 ± 0.03 b | 2.79 ± 0.01 a | 1.96 ± 0.08 b | 2.71 ± 0.17 a | 2.93 ± 0.07 b |
2,5-Dimethyl-3-ethylpyrazine | 1.90 ± 0.31 | 2.61 ± 0.02 a | 2.26 ± 0.02 b | 2.51 ± 0.05 a | 2.16 ± 0.03 b | 2.66 ± 0.08 a | 1.71 ± 0.03 b | 2.51 ± 0.05 a | 1.80 ± 0.04 b |
3-Methoxy-2-isopropylpyrazine | 0.91 ± 0.11 | 1.32 ± 0.06 a | 1.05 ± 0.03 b | 1.16 ± 0.03 a | 0.90 ± 0.09 a | 1.36 ± 0.04 b | 1.77 ± 0.01 a | 1.16 ± 0.03 a | 1.16 ± 0.01 a |
Isopropenylpyrazine | 0.41 ± 0.18 | 0.31 ± 0.04 b | 0.55 ± 0.02 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 b | 0.51 ± 0.03 a | 0.39 ± 0.02 a | 0.44 ± 0.05 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | 0.23 ± 0.01 a |
5-Methyl-6.7dihydro5-Hcyclopentapyrazine | 0.46 ± 0.06 | 1.28 ± 0.08 a | 1.19 ± 0.02 a | 1.29 ± 0.03 a | 1.08 ± 0.04 b | 1.14 ± 0.02 a | 1.15 ± 0.03 a | 1.29 ± 0.03 a | 1.05 ± 0.04 b |
2-methyl-5-(1-propenyl) Pyrazine | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.39 ± 0.01 a | 0.33 ± 0.02 b | 0.39 ± 0.03 a | 0.35 ± 0.02 a | 0.41 ± 0.04 a | 0.23 ± 0.02 b | 0.39 ± 0.03 a | 0.27 ± 0.03 b |
∑Pyridines | 14.29 ± 1.52 | 10.87 ± 0.04 a | 9.92 ± 0.08 b | 10.89 ± 0.15 b | 11.32 ± 0.05 a | 9.71 ± 0.07 a | 8.96 ± 0.04 b | 10.89 ± 0.15 a | 8.28 ± 0.02 b |
Pyridine | 13.03 ± 1.18 | 8.32 ± 0.06 a | 7.63 ± 0.02 b | 8.44 ± 0.24 b | 8.96 ± 0.07 a | 7.59 ± 0.15 a | 7.68 ± 0.07 a | 8.44 ± 0.24 a | 7.84 ± 0.03 b |
1-Methyl-1.2.3.6-tetrahydropyridine | 0.97 ± 0.11 | 1.98 ± 0.06 a | 1.77 ± 0.11 b | 1.89 ± 0.04 a | 1.93 ± 0.02 a | 1.49 ± 0.01 a | 0.83 ± 0.03 b | 1.89 ± 0.04 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 b |
3-Ethylpyridine | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.01 a | 0.52 ± 0.02 a | 0.56 ± 0.02 a | 0.43 ± 0.02 b | 0.63 ± 0.04 a | 0.45 ± 0.01 b | 0.56 ± 0.02 a | 0.28 ± 0.03 b |
∑ Ketones | 7.30 ± 0.35 | 6.33 ± 0.07 a | 5.91 ± 0.05 b | 5.69 ± 0.08 a | 5.78 ± 0.08 a | 4.20 ± 0.02 b | 4.88 ± 0.04 a | 5.69 ± 0.08 a | 3.57 ± 0.02 b |
1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone | 5.20 ± 0.06 | 3.73 ± 0.19 a | 3.43 ± 0.09 a | 3.40 ± 0.22 a | 3.32 ± 0.17 a | 2.72 ± 0.02 a | 2.84 ± 0.07 a | 3.40 ± 0.22 a | 2.19 ± 0.01 b |
Acetone | 1.04 ± 0.14 | 0.98 ± 0.04 a | 0.96 ± 0.03 a | 1.06 ± 0.05 a | 0.99 ± 0.16 a | 0.78 ± 0.03 b | 1.09 ± 0.09 a | 1.06 ± 0.05 a | 0.73 ± 0.04 b |
3-Hydroxy-2-butanone | 0.47 ± 0.13 | 0.63 ± 0.05 a | 0.60 ± 0.02 a | 0.46 ± 0.02 b | 0.69 ± 0.05 a | 0.32 ± 0.03 a | 0.37 ± 0.02 a | 0.46 ± 0.02 a | 0.19 ± 0.01 b |
2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.61 ± 0.05 a | 0.57 ± 0.03 a | 0.47 ± 0.03 a | 0.54 ± 0.03 a | 0.38 ± 0.02 a | 0.38 ± 0.01 a | 0.47 ± 0.03 a | 0.26 ± 0.02 b |
3-Ethyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopentenone | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.01 a | 0.35 ± 0.02 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 b | n.d. | 0.20 ± 0.04 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | 0.20 ± 0.02 b |
∑ Phenols | 5.46 ± 1.68 | 8.03 ± 0.07 a | 7.71 ± 0.02 b | 8.27 ± 0.05 a | 7.29 ± 0.04 b | 4.52 ± 0.02 a | 4.01 ± 0.03 b | 8.27 ± 0.05 a | 3.83 ± 0.01 b |
Guaiacol | 2.28 ± 0.05 | 2.62 ± 0.12 a | 2.54 ± 0.02 a | 2.16 ± 0.06 a | 2.21 ± 0.06 a | 1.91 ± 0.03 a | 1.97 ± 0.06 a | 2.16 ± 0.06 a | 1.88 ± 0.02 b |
4-Vinylphenol | 1.47 ± 0.03 | 2.89 ± 0.07 a | 2.86 ± 0.02 a | 3.90 ± 0.02 a | 3.40 ± 0.06 b | 0.76 ± 0.02 a | 0.47 ± 0.03 b | 3.90 ± 0.02 a | 0.59 ± 0.01 b |
4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol | 0.95 ± 0.21 | 1.91 ± 0.05 a | 1.69 ± 0.01 b | 1.87 ± 0.07 a | 1.20 ± 0.03 b | 1.50 ± 0.04 a | 1.05 ± 0.01 b | 1.87 ± 0.07 a | 0.83 ± 0.01 b |
Phenol | 0.77 ± 0.19 | 0.61 ± 0.06 a | 0.62 ± 0.02 a | 0.34 ± 0.03cb | 0.48 ± 0.02 a | 0.35 ± 0.01 b | 0.52 ± 0.01 a | 0.34 ± 0.03 b | 0.53 ± 0.01 a |
∑ Pyrroles | 3.13 ± 0.16 | 3.17 ± 0.02 a | 2.71 ± 0.02 b | 3.05 ± 0.04 a | 2.96 ± 0.04 b | 3.18 ± 0.02 a | 3.06 ± 0.02 a | 3.05 ± 0.04 b | 3.23 ± 0.03 a |
1-Furfurylpyrrole | 0.97 ± 0.34 | 0.70 ± 0.01 a | 0.73 ± 0.01 a | 0.61 ± 0.02 b | 0.90 ± 0.04 a | 0.71 ± 0.01 a | 0.44 ± 0.02 b | 0.61 ± 0.02 b | 0.83 ± 0.04 a |
2-Acetyl-1-methylpyrrole | 1.49 ± 0.54 | 1.47 ± 0.03 a | 0.86 ± 0.02 b | 1.56 ± 0.04 a | 1.27 ± 0.04 b | 1.50 ± 0.04 b | 1.81 ± 0.04 a | 1.56 ± 0.04 b | 1.75 ± 0.07 a |
2-Acetylpyrrole | 0.57 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.03 a | 0.84 ± 0.02 a | 0.79 ± 0.07 a | 0.67 ± 0.04 b | 0.87 ± 0.05 a | 0.72 ± 0.04 b | 0.79 ± 0.07 a | 0.57 ± 0.04 b |
1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 b | 0.28 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.02 b | 0.12 ± 0.03 b | 0.10 ± 0.05 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.02 a | 0.08 ± 0.07 a |
∑ Aldehydes | 0.61 ± 0.02 | 0.95 ± 0.03 b | 1.12 ± 0.03 a | 1.08 ± 0.01 a | 1.00 ± 0.02 b | 0.93 ± 0.02 a | 0.49 ± 0.01 b | 1.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.66 ± 0.02 b |
2-Butenal | 0.36 ± 0.10 | 0.45 ± 0.02 b | 0.71 ± 0.02 a | 0.68 ± 0.01 a | 0.57 ± 0.04 b | 0.60 ± 0.04 a | 0.20 ± 0.01 b | 0.68 ± 0.01 a | 0.34 ± 0.02 b |
Benzaldehyde | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.50 ± 0.07 a | 0.41 ± 0.03 b | 0.40 ± 0.01 a | 0.43 ± 0.01 a | 0.33 ± 0.01 a | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 0.40 ± 0.01 a | 0.32 ± 0.01 b |
∑ Others | 7.59 ± 2.98 | 4.73 ± 0.07 a | 4.10 ± 0.06 b | 4.52 ± 0.17 b | 6.57 ± 0.04 a | 5.38 ± 0.04 a | 6.46 ± 0.04 b | 4.52 ± 0.17 b | 9.27 ± 0.03 a |
Acetic acid | 6.37 ± 1.60 | 3.09 ± 0.13 a | 3.05 ± 0.08 a | 3.71 ± 0.29 b | 5.84 ± 0.09 a | 4.69 ± 0.08 b | 5.82 ± 0.05 a | 3.71 ± 0.29 b | 8.83 ± 0.05 a |
Maltol | 0.70 ± 0.20 | 0.66 ± 0.05 a | 0.53 ± 0.03 b | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 0.39 ± 0.05 a | 0.23 ± 0.02 b | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.04 b |
3.4-Dimethoxystyrene | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.69 ± 0.02 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 b | 0.12 ± 0.05 a | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.19 ± 0.03 a | 0.10 ± 0.02 b | 0.12 ± 0.05 a | 0.11 ± 0.03 a |
4-Ethyl-decano | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 0.28 ± 0.01 a | 0.27 ± 0.01 a | 0.21 ± 0.02 b | 0.27 ± 0.03 a | 0.18 ± 0.01 b | 0.27 ± 0.01 a | 0.18 ± 0.01c |
Temperature | 25 °C | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (Days) | Time 0 | 90 Days | 180 Days | ||
Type of Packaging | STD | ALT | STD | ALT | |
Pods | 8.50 a ± 0.50 | 8.50 a ± 1.00 | 8.50 a ± 0.50 | 8.00 a ± 1.00 | 8.00 a ± 0.50 |
Capsules | 7.50 b ± 0.50 | 7.50 b ± 0.50 | 7.50 b ± 0.50 | 7.00 b ± 0.50 | 7.00 b ± 0.50 |
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Basile, G.; De Luca, L.; Calabrese, M.; Lambiase, G.; Pizzolongo, F.; Romano, R. The Lipidic and Volatile Components of Coffee Pods and Capsules Packaged in an Alternative Multilayer Film. Foods 2024, 13, 759. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050759
Basile G, De Luca L, Calabrese M, Lambiase G, Pizzolongo F, Romano R. The Lipidic and Volatile Components of Coffee Pods and Capsules Packaged in an Alternative Multilayer Film. Foods. 2024; 13(5):759. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050759
Chicago/Turabian StyleBasile, Giulia, Lucia De Luca, Martina Calabrese, Gianfranco Lambiase, Fabiana Pizzolongo, and Raffaele Romano. 2024. "The Lipidic and Volatile Components of Coffee Pods and Capsules Packaged in an Alternative Multilayer Film" Foods 13, no. 5: 759. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050759