Aromatic Profiles of Essential Oils from Five Commonly Used Thai Basils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Essential Oil Extraction
2.3. Physical Characteristics of Essential Oil
2.4. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
2.5. Descriptive Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Plant Identification and Physiochemical Characteristics of the Essential Oils
3.2. Chemical Profile of the Essential Oil
3.3. Sensory Profile of the Essential Oil
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Odour Attributes | Reference Standard | n/15 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Anise | anise powder, 2 g | 10/15 | * |
Citrus | lemon extract (McCormick), 200 µL | 8/15 | [21] |
Herb | thyme (McCormick), 0.5 g | 10/15 | * |
Spice | ground allspice (McCormick), 0.5 g | 8/15 | [22] |
Sweet | vanilla flavour (McCormick), 200 µL | 10/15 | [23] |
Woody | peanut peel 2 g with 100 µL DI water | 7/15 | * |
Characteristics | LB | RB | ThB | TrB | WB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant morphology | |||||
General | 50–105 cm tall | 70–150 cm tall | 45–100 cm tall | 140–200 cm tall | 70–160 cm tall |
Leaf structure | leaf size ~3.5 × 1 cm, leaf elliptic-broadly obovate, glabrous except hairy midrib, veinlets and margin | leaf size ~4 × 1.5 cm, ovate-obovate, elliptic-oblong, surface patently hairy to clothed with soft spreading hair, Purple leaf | leaf size ~5.5 × 2 cm, leaf ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, glabrous except hairy midrib, veinlets and margin | leaf size ~9 × 5 cm, leaf lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous except hairy midrib | leaf size ~4 × 1.5 cm, leaf ovate-obovate, elliptic-oblong, surface patently hairy to clothed with soft spreading hair, green leaf |
Inflorescenceand floral structure | inflorescence greenish, flowers white, calyx green, long hairy | inflorescence purple, flowers purplish, calyx purple, patently hairy to densely pubescent | inflorescence greenish, flowers whitish pink, calyx green, long hairy | inflorescence greenish purple, flowers yellowish white, calyx greenish purple, hairy | inflorescence green-greenish purple, flowers purplish, calyx green, patently hairy to densely pubescent |
Seed characteristics | seed brownish black, ellipsoid, mucilaginous | seed brown, globose, non-mucilaginous | seed brownish black, ellipsoid, mucilaginous | seed brown, subglobose, non-mucilaginous | seed brown, globose, non-mucilaginous |
Physiochemical Characteristics of essential oils | |||||
Yield *,** | 0.37% ± 0.12 b | 0.33% ± 0.06 b | 0.43% ± 0.09 c | 0.19% ± 0.05 a | 0.47% ± 0.09 c |
Colourunder day light | yellow | clear | yellow | orange | clear |
Colourunder UV light*** | + | +++ | ++ | ++ | +++ |
No. | Compounds | Retention Index | Retention Index * | Amount of Chemicals | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(µg/mL Essential Oils) ** | ||||||||
LB | RB | ThB | TrB | WB | ||||
1 | methyl 2-methylbutanoate | - | - | nd | nd | nd | 0.89 | nd |
2 | 3-hexen-1-ol | 850 | - | nd | nd | nd | 0.79 | nd |
3 | α-pinene | 930 | 938 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.32 |
4 | camphene | 944 | - | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.42 |
5 | β-pinene | 973 | 981 | 1.31 | nd | 2.58 | nd | 0.52 |
6 | 1-octen-3-ol | 979 | - | nd | nd | nd | 2.77 | nd |
7 | myrcene | 989 | 995 | nd | nd | nd | 5.13 | nd |
8 | 1,8-cineole | 1028 | 1034 | 2.82 | nd | 5.64 | nd | nd |
9 | α-ocimene | 1049 | 1046 | nd | nd | 13.0 | 257 | nd |
10 | z-ocimene | 1051 | - | 5.83 | nd | nd | 17.7 | nd |
11 | γ-terpinene | 1058 | - | 0.36 | nd | 2.39 | nd | nd |
12 | 3-carene | 1101 | - | nd | 1.76 | 14.61 | 22.3 | nd |
13 | linalool | 1104 | 1097 | 1.12 | nd | nd | nd | 1.09 |
14 | (4e,6z)-allo-ocimene | 1132 | - | nd | nd | nd | 14.9 | nd |
15 | d-camphor | 1145 | 1144 | 1.34 | nd | 3.54 | nd | nd |
16 | trans-chrysanthemal | 1152 | - | nd | nd | 2.20 | nd | nd |
17 | borneol | 1168 | - | nd | 7.79 | nd | nd | 2.80 |
18 | 1,4-heptadiene, 3-methyl- | 1169 | - | nd | nd | 5.54 | nd | nd |
19 | terpinen-4-ol | 1180 | - | 1.78 | nd | 15.4 | nd | nd |
20 | cyclohexane, ethenyl- | 1189 | - | nd | nd | 6.78 | nd | nd |
21 | estragole | 1211 | 1196 | 98.2 | nd | 453 | nd | nd |
22 | (r)-α-pinene | 1236 | - | nd | nd | 8.60 | nd | nd |
23 | neral | 1251 | 1238 | 6.32 | nd | 151 | nd | nd |
24 | (+) -(−)-3-carene | 1264 | - | nd | nd | 6.30 | nd | nd |
25 | geranial | 1282 | 1268 | nd | nd | 181 | nd | nd |
26 | citral | 1283 | - | 9.55 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
27 | eugenol | 1371 | 1361 | nd | nd | nd | 408 | 1.50 |
28 | α-copaene | 1379 | - | nd | 20.7 | nd | 16.1 | 4.74 |
29 | β-bourbonene | 1388 | 1383 | nd | 7.68 | nd | 1.88 | nd |
30 | 4-methylpyrazole | 1389 | - | nd | nd | 1.82 | nd | nd |
31 | n-butylpyrrole | 1391 | - | nd | nd | nd | nd | 2.25 |
32 | β-cubebene | 1396 | 1389 | nd | 1.98 | nd | 7.11 | nd |
33 | β-elemene | 1396 | 1391 | 0.77 | 65.7 | 4.30 | 3.65 | 2.79 |
34 | methyl eugenol | 1409 | 1411 | 0.77 | 684 | 2.87 | nd | 98.4 |
35 | β-caryophyllene | 1424 | 1420 | 1.34 | 146 | 10.6 | 17.3 | nd |
36 | α-bergamotene | 1439 | 1437 | 1.00 | nd | 4.49 | 0.69 | nd |
37 | (z,e)-α-farnesene | 1442 | - | nd | nd | nd | 51.6 | nd |
38 | α-guaiene | 1443 | 1439 | 0.19 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
39 | β-sesquiphellandrene | 1447 | - | nd | nd | nd | 0.59 | nd |
40 | α-humulene | 1458 | 1454 | 3.42 | 13.4 | 6.88 | 3.36 | 1.42 |
41 | bicyclo sesquiphellandrene | 1468 | - | 2.43 | nd | 10.8 | 0.59 | nd |
42 | germacrene d | 1469 | 1482 | 2.26 | 0.55 | 14.3 | 0.89 | 1.23 |
43 | γ-muurolene | 1490 | - | nd | nd | nd | 91.6 | nd |
44 | α-cubebene | 1490 | - | nd | 105 | nd | nd | 9.94 |
45 | bicyclo [3.1.1] hept-3-ene-spiro-2,4′-(1′,3′-dioxane), 7,7-dimethyl- | 1493 | - | nd | 1.87 | nd | nd | nd |
46 | bicyclogermacrene | 1500 | 1497 | 0.81 | nd | 3.63 | 3.55 | nd |
47 | β-gurjunene | 1501 | - | nd | 6.36 | nd | nd | nd |
48 | α-selinene | 1505 | - | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.40 |
49 | α-bulnesene | 1509 | 1506 | 1.06 | nd | 3.92 | nd | nd |
50 | α-farnesene | 1511 | - | nd | nd | nd | 42.3 | nd |
51 | α-amorphene | 1518 | - | nd | nd | 2.58 | nd | nd |
52 | phenylethanolamine | 1519 | - | nd | nd | nd | 0.69 | nd |
53 | δ-cadinene | 1525 | 1524 | nd | 8.12 | nd | 11.1 | 0.56 |
54 | 1-bromo-8-heptadecyne | 1539 | - | 0.44 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
55 | (z)-4-decen-1-ol | 1539 | - | nd | 3.84 | nd | nd | nd |
56 | (z)-α-bisabolene | 1546 | 1544 | nd | nd | 11.1 | nd | nd |
57 | eremophilene | 1556 | - | nd | 2.52 | nd | nd | nd |
58 | elemol | 1557 | - | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.23 |
59 | 4-ethylphenethylamine | 1582 | - | nd | nd | nd | 0.59 | nd |
60 | ethyl trichloroacetate | 1582 | - | nd | 1.75 | nd | nd | nd |
61 | benzofuran, 7-(2,4-dinitrophenoxy)-3-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl- | 1590 | - | nd | 0.99 | nd | nd | nd |
62 | 1,3-diisopropyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene | 1602 | - | nd | nd | nd | 0.99 | nd |
63 | cadina-1,4-diene | 1622 | - | nd | nd | 1.24 | nd | nd |
64 | naphthalene, 1,2,3,4,4a,7-hexahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)- | 1622 | - | 0.31 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
65 | bromoacetonitrile | 1650 | - | nd | nd | nd | 0.50 | nd |
66 | α-muurolene | 1663 | - | nd | 2.41 | nd | nd | nd |
67 | β-bisabolene | 1690 | - | 0.27 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Basils | Sweet | Herb | Woody | Anise | Citrus | Spice |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LB | 3.4 ± 0.24 a | 7.2 ± 0.49 bc | 0.98 ± 0.02 a | 4.72 ± 0.70 bc | 12.8 ± 0.58 d | 5.2 ± 0.66 b |
RB | 2.6 ± 0.51 a | 5.68 ± 1.14 b | 2.26 ± 0.55 bc | 3.6 ± 0.51 ab | 2.7 ± 0.37 a | 3.5 ± 0.67 a |
ThB | 2.4 ± 0.24 a | 11.2 ± 0.86 d | 1.6 ± 0.33 ab | 2.34 ± 0.52 a | 10.62 ± 0.69 c | 6.4 ± 0.24 bc |
TrB | 2.46 ± 0.63 a | 9.2 ± 0.80 cd | 1.8 ± 0.20 ab | 7.4 ± 0.40 d | 8.9 ± 0.56 b | 7.28 ± 0.42 c |
WB | 2.42 ± 0.50 a | 1.1 ± 0.10 a | 3.34 ± 0.50 c | 5.96 ± 0.87 cd | 4.2 ± 0.37 a | 2.7 ± 0.44 a |
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Tangpao, T.; Chung, H.-H.; Sommano, S.R. Aromatic Profiles of Essential Oils from Five Commonly Used Thai Basils. Foods 2018, 7, 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7110175
Tangpao T, Chung H-H, Sommano SR. Aromatic Profiles of Essential Oils from Five Commonly Used Thai Basils. Foods. 2018; 7(11):175. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7110175
Chicago/Turabian StyleTangpao, Tibet, Hsiao-Hang Chung, and Sarana Rose Sommano. 2018. "Aromatic Profiles of Essential Oils from Five Commonly Used Thai Basils" Foods 7, no. 11: 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7110175