High Hydrostatic Pressure as a Tool to Reduce Formation of Biogenic Amines in Artisanal Spanish Cheeses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cheese Manufacturing
2.2. High-Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) Treatments
2.3. Microbiological Analysis of Cheeses
2.4. Assessment of Proteolysis Activity on Cheeses
2.5. Determination of Biogenic Amines in Cheese
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of HHP Treatment on Microbial Counts
3.2. Effect of HHP on the Proteolysis of Cheeses
3.3. Effect of HHP on the Formation of BA on Cheeses
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microbial Group | Day of Ripening | Control | HHP1 |
---|---|---|---|
Lactococci | 5 | 9.55 ± 0.27 a,A | 7.30 ± 0.22 B |
15 | 8.75 ± 0.34 b,A | 6.76 ±0.49 B | |
30 | 8.47 ± 0.26 b,A | 7.03 ± 0.64 B | |
45 | 8.26 ± 0.20 b,A | 7.19 ± 0.25 B | |
60 | 7.54 ± 0.51 c,A | 7.05 ± 0.17 A | |
Lactobacilli | 5 | 6.54 ± 0.31 a,A | 3.13 ± 0.26 a,B |
15 | 8.36 ± 0.42 b,A | 5.23 ± 1.54 b,B | |
30 | 8.28 ± 0.15 b,A | 6.31 ± 0.33 c,B | |
45 | 8.18 ± 0.19 b,A | 6.80 ± 0.50 c,B | |
60 | 7.89 ± 0.45 b,A | 7.03 ± 0.22 c,A | |
Enterococci | 5 | 6.23 ± 0.24 a,A | 4.44 ± 0.44 ab,B |
15 | 6.10 ± 0.70 a,A | 3.99 ± 0.24 ab,B | |
30 | 6.17 ± 0.47 a,A | 4.60 ± 0.96 b,B | |
45 | 6.17 ± 0.48 a,A | 3.45 ± 0.34 a,B | |
60 | 5.32 ± 0.64 a,A | 3.85 ± 0.59 ab,B | |
Enterobacteria | 5 | 6.33 ± 0.26 a,A | 1.92 ± 0.54 a,B |
15 | 3.15 ± 2.75 b,A | 2.49 ± 0.36 a,A | |
30 | 4.54 ± 0.15 b,A | 0.86 ± 1.48 a,B | |
45 | 3.58 ± 0.40 b,A | ND b,B | |
60 | 2.94 ± 0.54 b,A | ND b,B | |
E. coli | 5 | 2.56 ± 0.62 b,A | ND B |
15 | 0.90 ± 0.78 ab,A | ND A | |
30 | 1.60 ± 1.96 ab,A | 0.83 ± 1.44 A | |
45 | 0.77 ± 0.68 ab,A | ND A | |
60 | ND a,A | ND A | |
S. aureus | 5 | 2.64 ± 0.15 a,A | 0.43 ± 0.75 a,B |
15 | 1.06 ± 0.96 b,A | ND A | |
30 | 1.18 ± 0.31 b,A | ND B | |
45 | 0.77 ± 1.33 b,A | 0.33 ± 0.58 B | |
60 | ND b,A | ND A |
Microbial Group | Day of Ripening | Control | HHP1 | HHP15 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lactococci | 5 | 9.34 ± 0.33 a,A | 7.80 ± 0.31 a,B | |
15 | 9.16 ± 0.20 a,A | 6.87 ± 0.39 b,B | 7.25 ± 0.22 a,B | |
30 | 9.21 ± 0.18 a,A | 8.04 ± 0.74 b,B | 7.67 ± 0.14 ab,B | |
45 | 8.74 ± 0.20 ab,A | 8.07 ± 0.61 b,B | 7.92 ± 0.39 ab,B | |
60 | 8.38 ± 0.16 b,A | 8.32 ± 0.76 b,A | 7.57 ± 0.32 b,B | |
Lactobacilli | 5 | 5.57 ± 0.35 a,A | 4.54 ± 0.64 a,B | |
15 | 7.52 ± 1.07 b,A | 5.60 ± 0.37 b,B | 6.19 ± 0.50 a,B | |
30 | 8.64 ± 0.41 c,A | 6.61 ± 0.82 c,B | 6.78 ± 1.00 ab,B | |
45 | 8.68 ± 0.12 c,A | 8.09 ± 0.55 d,A | 7.82 ± 0.27 bc,A | |
60 | 8.15 ± 0.39 c,A | 8.12 ± 0.51 d,A | 7.53 ± 0.15 c,B | |
Enterococci | 5 | 5.59 ± 0.74 A | 3.16 ± 1.05 A | |
15 | 6.18 ± 2.14 AB | 3.50 ± 1.13 C | 3.90 ± 1.11 B | |
30 | 6.16 ± 1.18 A | 1.76 ± 1.53 B | 3.96 ± 1.32 A | |
45 | 4.63 ± 1.04 A | 2.76 ± 2.26 B | 3.27 ± 0.48 A | |
60 | 4.23 ± 1.40 A | 2.58 ± 1.93 B | 3.88 ± 0.93 A | |
Enterobacteria | 5 | 4.65 ± 0.23 a,A | ND B | |
15 | 4.46 ± 0.30 a,A | 0.29 ± 0.58 B | ND ± ND B | |
30 | 4.42 ± 1.92 a,A | ND B | 1.22 ± 1.11 B | |
45 | 2.87 ± 1.21 b,A | ND B | 0.57 ± 0.98 B | |
60 | 2.35 ± 0.96 b,A | ND B | ND B | |
E. coli | 5 | 1.16 ± 1.01 | ND | |
15 | 1.15 ± 1.37 | ND | ND | |
30 | 0.65 ± 0.79 | ND | ND | |
45 | 0.64 ± 0.73 | ND | 0.78 ± 1.35 | |
60 | 0.73 ± 0.91 | ND | ND | |
S. aureus | 5 | 2.35 ± 0.58 a | 1.07 ± 1.35 | |
15 | 1.74 ± 1.19 ab | 0.50 ± 0.58 | 0.33 ± 0.58 | |
30 | 1.17 ± 0.35 ab | 0.29 ± 0.58 | 0.33 ± 0.58 | |
45 | 0.61 ± 0.71 bc | ND | ND | |
60 | 0.25 ± 0.50 c | ND | ND |
Proteolysis Index | Day of Ripening | Control | HHP1 |
---|---|---|---|
TNBS | 5 | 10.40 ± 2.24 a | 9.41 ± 1.80 a |
15 | 14.90 ± 1.21 ab | 15.33 ± 2.15 ab | |
30 | 22.54 ± 2.50 b | 21.14 ± 4.59 b | |
45 | 44.89 ± 1.19 c,B | 32.65 ± 5.81 c,A | |
60 | 53.66 ± 2.14 d,B | 39.96 ± 4.52 c,A | |
RI | 5 | 10.99 ± 3.05 a | 11.09 ± 2.60 a |
15 | 22.97 ± 1.23 b | 22.97 ± 1.23 b | |
30 | 21.88 ± 0.60 b | 24.39 ± 3.15 bc | |
45 | 22.14 ± 1.78 b | 25.71 ± 2.15 bc | |
60 | 25.07 ± 0.66 b | 28.03 ± 0.35 c | |
FAA | 5 | 2.08 ± 0.57 a | 1.48 ± 0.72 a |
15 | 4.85 ± 1.42 a | 3.71 ± 1.06 ab | |
30 | 10.05 ± 2.06 b,B | 5.90 ± 1.59 bc,A | |
45 | 15.07 ± 3.52 c,B | 8.40 ± 1.43 cd,A | |
60 | 15.71 ± 3.06 c,B | 10.40 ± 1.29 d,A |
Proteolysis Index | Day of Ripening | Control | HHP1 | HHP15 |
---|---|---|---|---|
TNBS | 5 | 7.66 ± 1.65 a | 7.92 ± 0.44 a | |
15 | 13.87 ± 1.37 ab | 13.36 ± 0.82 a | 15.03 ± 0.40 a | |
30 | 22.13 ± 8.22 b,AB | 26.33 ± 17.48 b,BC | 34.31 ± 6.11 b,C | |
45 | 34.93 ± 2.60 c,BC | 28.00 ± 2.84 b,AB | 44.79 ± 4.93 bc,C | |
60 | 47.40 ± 2.74 d,BC | 37.59 ± 6.86 b,A | 52.50 ± 2.21 c,C | |
RI | 5 | 9.70 ± 3.55 a | 10.44 ± 4.39 a | |
15 | 19.38 ± 4.24 b | 18.51 ± 4.23 b | 19.15 ± 2.57 a | |
30 | 24.96 ± 3.64 bc | 23.35 ± 2.38 b | 25.39 ± 3.57 ab | |
45 | 29.59 ± 2.97 c,B | 25.09 ± 2.95 b,A | 30.54 ± 2.46 b,B | |
60 | 31.92 ± 6.63 c,B | 26.38 ± 3.77 b,A | 31.62 ± 2.21 b,B | |
FAA | 5 | 2.36 ± 0.04 a | 2.18 ± 0.22 a | |
15 | 5.01 ± 1.27 a | 3.66 ± 1.79 ab | 5.59 ± 2.94 a | |
30 | 11.66 ± 2.76 b,B | 6.85 ± 3.07 ab,AB | 11.22 ± 1.11 b,B | |
45 | 11.39 ± 2.69 b,B | 6.55 ± 1.10 ab,AB | 14.86 ± 4.89 bc,C | |
60 | 16.56 ± 3.51 c,B | 8.63 ± 1.71 b,A | 16.03 ± 5.14 c,B |
BA | Day of Ripening | Control | HHP1 |
---|---|---|---|
TR | 5 | 8.99 ± 7.94 a | 23.12 ± 5.93 a |
15 | 27.76 ± 15.00 ab | 10.81 ± 9.37 a | |
30 | 95.96 ± 34.38 c | 82.10 ± 26.33 b | |
45 | 68.39 ± 20.42 bc | 70.11 ± 40.01 b | |
60 | 63.69 ± 27.90 bc | 89.08 ± 49.98 b | |
PHE | 5 | 1.40 ± 0.65 a | 0.26 ± 0.45 a |
15 | 14.62 ± 1.42 b | 17.96 ± 4.07 b | |
30 | 17.27 ± 5.94 b | 17.16 ± 4.29 b | |
45 | 20.75 ± 4.20 ab | 14.80 ± 0.45 ab | |
60 | 31.13 ± 14.19 b | 25.56 ± 7.47 b | |
PU | 5 | 4.07 ± 0.51 a | 3.29 ± 0.42 |
15 | 136.56 ± 21.57 ab | 59.09 ± 7.34 | |
30 | 225.16 ± 22.31 b | 67.09 ± 8.50 | |
45 | 463.88 ± 60.73 c,B | 42.69 ± 33.89 A | |
60 | 476.41 ± 126.21 c,B | 79.80 ± 19.51 A | |
CA | 5 | 30.20 ± 16.19 a | 24.07 ± 9.04 |
15 | 29.63 ± 4.35 a | 26.20 ± 3.13 | |
30 | 50.14 ± 10.97 ab | 35.29 ± 12.70 | |
45 | 69.53 ± 16.34 b | 36.22 ± 17.00 | |
60 | 70.45 ± 27.21 b | 44.22 ± 15.61 | |
HIS | 5 | 1.27 ± 0.56 a | 1.00 ± 0.87 |
15 | 3.02 ± 0.43 a | 2.44 ± 0.34 | |
30 | 6.38 ± 3.31 a | 6.27 ± 3.16 | |
45 | 18.04 ± 9.36 b,B | 6.51 ± 1.75 A | |
60 | 15.41 ± 7.05 b,B | 4.85 ± 2.20 A | |
TY | 5 | 10.04 ± 6.80 a | 6.11 ± 6.95 |
15 | 130.51 ± 42.98 ab | 18.96 ± 1.07 | |
30 | 234.74 ± 69.16 b,B | 15.59 ± 3.56 A | |
45 | 443.87 ± 105.10 c,B | 16.17 ± 0.68 A | |
60 | 491.89 ± 67.45 c,B | 28.93 ± 5.91 A |
BA | Day of Ripening | Control | HHP1 | HHP15 |
---|---|---|---|---|
TR | 5 | 1.66 ± 3.31 a | 4.92 ± 5.86 | - |
15 | 4.51 ± 3.32 a | 10.03 ± 7.29 | 8.76 ± 6.98 | |
30 | 9.87 ± 4.43 ab | 9.83 ± 4.66 | 6.25 ± 0.80 | |
45 | 9.51 ± 3.85 ab | 12.49 ± 6.76 | 12.32 ± 8.43 | |
60 | 15.73 ± 2.15 b | 11.06 ± 6.78 | 11.66 ± 6.50 | |
PHE | 5 | 1.02 ± 1.23 a | 0.40 ± 0.48 | - |
15 | 2.78 ± 1.44 a | 2.39 ± 0.56 | 4.39 ± 1.84 | |
30 | 5.67 ± 5.25 a | 3.04 ± 1.01 | 3.71 ± 1.45 | |
45 | 12.69 ± 5.08 ab | 4.37 ± 1.52 | 5.78 ± 1.53 | |
60 | 12.74 ± 2.62 b | 4.43 ± 2.37 | 13.31 ± 15.37 | |
PU | 5 | 3.62 ± 0.40 a | 5.20 ± 2.41 | - |
15 | 42.42 ± 23.00 ab | 11.25 ± 9.80 | 15.14 ± 11.99 | |
30 | 65.89 ± 30.90 bc,B | 5.45 ± 1.38 A | 22.33 ± 14.49 AB | |
45 | 87.89 ± 76.10 c,B | 7.81 ± 3.03 A | 22.92 ± 17.51 A | |
60 | 74.89 ± 54.74 bc,B | 5.24 ± 0.76 A | 26.08 ± 6.26 A | |
CA | 5 | 62.13 ± 33.00 a | 55.55 ± 28.54 | - |
15 | 159.07 ± 37.23 b,B | 48.75 ± 44.16 A | 87.50 ± 70.43 AB | |
30 | 141.63 ± 79.34 ab,B | 48.40 ± 16.94 A | 80.65 ± 76.20 AB | |
45 | 129.82 ± 67.03 ab,B | 41.91 ± 22.89 A | 72.47 ± 29.78 AB | |
60 | 105.90 ± 21.87 ab,B | 28.51 ± 17.32 A | 80.28 ± 71.97 AB | |
HIS | 5 | 4.81 ± 4.54 a | 5.33 ± 3.79 | - |
15 | 39.98 ± 11.42 b | 12.71 ± 10.97 | 29.14 ± 22.84 a | |
30 | 74.34 ± 29.42 c,B | 6.38 ± 2.77 A | 47.52 ± 31.34 ab,B | |
45 | 81.66 ± 46.30 c,B | 5.94 ± 1.25 A | 58.99 ± 3.14 b,B | |
60 | 91.02 ± 5.73 c,C | 7.07 ± 4.30 A | 57.65 ± 13.16 ab,B | |
TY | 5 | 4.37 ± 0.71 a | 3.15 ± 1.94 a | - |
15 | 123.72 ± 40.62 ab,B | 13.79 ± 5.28 b,A | 115.79 ± 55.44 B | |
30 | 222.32 ± 84.26 bc,B | 22.16 ± 10.34 b,A | 162.64 ± 36.21 A | |
45 | 268.02 ± 130.91 c,B | 80.49 ± 126.16 ab,A | 147.73 ± 30.57 AB | |
60 | 277.30 ± 114.08 c,B | 32.69 ± 16.54 b,A | 147.62 ± 26.64 AB |
Day of Ripening | Control | HHP1 | HHP15 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Goats’ milk chesses | ||||
SD | 5 | 1.13 ± 0.51 a | 0.32 ± 0.50 a | - |
15 | 1.92 ± 0.18 aA | 4.34 ± 0.21 b,B | - | |
30 | 2.09 ± 0.24 abA | 3.70 ± 0.89 b,B | - | |
45 | 4.32 ± 1.75 c | 3.28 ± 1.30 b | - | |
60 | 3.92 ± 1.49 bcA | 6.53 ± 1.99 c,B | - | |
SM | 5 | 2.25 ± 2.07 a | 1.47 ± 1.48 a | - |
15 | 4.35 ± 1.25 ab,A | 7.80 ± 0.60 bc,B | - | |
30 | 3.03 ± 0.75 ab,A | 6.83 ± 0.46 b,B | - | |
45 | 5.57 ± 3.91 b,B | 2.16 ± 0.30 a,A | - | |
60 | 3.90 ± 0.75 ab,A | 10.46 ± 2.18 c,B | - | |
Ewes’ milk cheeses | ||||
SD | 5 | 0.73 ± 0.65 a | 0.51 ± 0.90 a | - |
15 | 55.94 ± 29.00 ab | 90.23 ± 67.99 bc | 73.15 ± 38.57 b | |
30 | 64.22 ± 8.22 b,A | 122.25 ± 48.16 c,B | 65.61 ± 10.97 b,A | |
45 | 14.74 ± 14.76 ab | 52.04 ± 36.91 ab | 34.49 ± 19.56 ab | |
60 | 30.14 ± 23.04 ab | 19.49 ± 33.57 a | 17.36 ± 9.35 a | |
SM | 5 | 6.76 ± 5.17 | 5.94 ± 4.03 a | |
15 | 14.13 ± 12.84 | 18.69 ± 14.57 a | 8.00 ± 6.99 a | |
30 | 25.18 ± 18.41 | 28.39 ± 7.52 b | 39.50 ± 32.16 b | |
45 | 17.57 ± 9.32 | 13.13 ± 7.26 ab | 20.08 ± 21.91 ab | |
60 | 14.66 ± 17.02 | 15.27 ± 17.76 a | 26.92 ± 17.93 ab |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Espinosa-Pesqueira, D.; Hernández-Herrero, M.M.; Roig-Sagués, A.X. High Hydrostatic Pressure as a Tool to Reduce Formation of Biogenic Amines in Artisanal Spanish Cheeses. Foods 2018, 7, 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7090137
Espinosa-Pesqueira D, Hernández-Herrero MM, Roig-Sagués AX. High Hydrostatic Pressure as a Tool to Reduce Formation of Biogenic Amines in Artisanal Spanish Cheeses. Foods. 2018; 7(9):137. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7090137
Chicago/Turabian StyleEspinosa-Pesqueira, Diana, Maria Manuela Hernández-Herrero, and Artur X. Roig-Sagués. 2018. "High Hydrostatic Pressure as a Tool to Reduce Formation of Biogenic Amines in Artisanal Spanish Cheeses" Foods 7, no. 9: 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7090137