Determination of Polyvinyl Acetate in Chewing Gum Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Evaporative Light Scattering Detector and Pyrolyzer–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Reference Standard
2.2. Py–GC/MS Analysis
2.3. HPLC–ELSD Analysis
2.4. Method Validation for Quantitative Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Py–GC–MS Analysis
3.2. HPLC–ELSD Analysis
3.3. Method Validation of Quantitative Analysis
3.3.1. Linearity, LOD, and LOQ
3.3.2. Matrix Effect
3.3.3. Accuracy and Precision
3.3.4. Cross-Laboratory Test
3.4. Applying the Method to Gum Samples
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Conc. (μg/mL) | Inter-day test (n = 3) | ||
Measured concentration (μg/mL) | Accuracy (Recovery%) | Precision (RSD%) | |
200 | 186.3 ± 8.0 | 86.6 ± 5.6 | 6.4 |
300 | 310.3 ± 22.3 | 103.4 ± 7.4 | 7.2 |
400 | 408.1 ± 6.0 | 115.3 ± 3.9 | 3.4 |
500 | 521.0 ± 39.0 | 104.2 ± 7.8 | 7.5 |
600 | 622.8 ± 15.6 | 107.5 ± 3.7 | 3.5 |
700 | 776.6 ± 32.4 | 110.9 ± 4.6 | 4.2 |
800 | 799.8 ± 10.0 | 98.6 ± 0.6 | 0.6 |
900 | 900.2 ± 22.6 | 100.0 ± 2.5 | 2.5 |
1000 | 983.9 ± 4.8 | 93.8 ± 4.0 | 4.2 |
Conc. (μg/mL) | Intra-day test (n = 5) | ||
Measured concentration (μg/mL) | Accuracy (Recovery%) | Precision (RSD%) | |
200 | 201.9 ± 6.3 | 101.0 ± 3.1 | 3.1 |
300 | 306.4 ± 25.1 | 100.8 ± 3.5 | 3.4 |
400 | 454.2 ± 16.5 | 113.6 ± 4.1 | 3.6 |
500 | 587.6 ± 33.4 | 105.2 ± 9.5 | 9.0 |
600 | 643.1 ± 17.1 | 107.2 ± 2.8 | 2.7 |
700 | 746.8 ± 23.8 | 115.0 ± 0.5 | 0.4 |
800 | 798.2 ± 507 | 99.8 ± 0.9 | 0.9 |
900 | 885.4 ± 25.8 | 101.0 ± 1.8 | 1.8 |
1000 | 980.7 ± 19.8 | 98.1 ± 2.0 | 2.0 |
Lab 1 | Lab 2 | Lab 3 | Precision (RSD%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measured Concentration (μg/mL) | Accuracy (Recovery%) | Measured Concentration (μg/mL) | Accuracy (Recovery%) | Measured Concentration (μg/mL) | Accuracy (Recovery%) | |||
Concentration (μg/mL) | 300 | 279.0 ± 11.3 | 93.0 ± 4.1 | 287.0 ± 3.5 | 93.7 ± 3.6 | 269.9 ± 2.1 | 90.0 ± 0.7 | 1.7 |
500 | 508.0 ± 8.0 | 101.6 ± 1.6 | 483.3 ± 3.1 | 96.7 ± 0.6 | 503.7 ± 5.0 | 100.7 ± 1.0 | 2.1 | |
700 | 761.0 ± 16.5 | 108.7 ± 2.2 | 897.3 ± 5.6 | 114.2 ± 0.5 | 703.0 ± 9.3 | 100.4 ± 1.3 | 5.3 | |
Linearity (R2) | 0.9926 | 0.9965 | 0.9990 |
Sample Information (Purchased Location) | Origin | PVAc in Gum (g/kg) |
---|---|---|
Gum 1 (Korea) | Cheongju, Korea | 8.4 ± 0.1 |
Gum 2 (Korea) | Cheongju, Korea | 10.8 ± 0.1 |
Gum 3 (Korea) | Cheongju, Korea | 9.8 ± 0.0 |
Gum 4 (Korea) | Cheongju, Korea | 9.0 ± 0.0 |
Gum 5 (Korea) | Cheongju, Korea | n.d. a |
Gum 6 (Korea) | Cheongju, Korea | 9.1 ± 0.1 |
Gum 7 (Internet) | Madrid, Spain | 5.1 ± 0.2 |
Gum 8 (Internet) | Madrid, Spain | 4.9 ± 0.1 |
Gum 9 (Internet) | Madrid, Spain | 5.7 ± 0.0 |
Gum 10 (Internet) | Chicago, USA | 13.8 ± 0.1 |
Gum 11 (Internet) | Chicago, USA | 4.3 ± 0.1 |
Gum 12 (Internet) | Chicago, USA | 13.2 ± 0.3 |
Gum 13 (Internet) | Hanover, USA | 6.3 ± 0.1 |
Gum 14 (Korea) | Japan | 6.5 ± 0.0 |
Gum 15 (Korea) | Japan | 6.9 ± 0.1 |
Gum 16 (Korea) | Japan | 5.2 ± 0.0 |
Gum 17 (Korea) | Japan | 6.9 ± 0.1 |
Gum 18 (Internet) | Langley, Canada | 12.2 ± 0.1 |
Gum 19 (Internet) | Germany | n.d. |
Gum 20 (Internet) | Germany | n.d. |
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Sim, S.; Kim, Y.-M.; Park, Y.-J.; Siddiqui, M.X.; Gang, Y.; Lee, J.; Lee, C.; Suh, H.-J. Determination of Polyvinyl Acetate in Chewing Gum Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Evaporative Light Scattering Detector and Pyrolyzer–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2020, 9, 1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101473
Sim S, Kim Y-M, Park Y-J, Siddiqui MX, Gang Y, Lee J, Lee C, Suh H-J. Determination of Polyvinyl Acetate in Chewing Gum Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Evaporative Light Scattering Detector and Pyrolyzer–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Foods. 2020; 9(10):1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101473
Chicago/Turabian StyleSim, Sol, Young-Min Kim, Yeong-Ju Park, Mohammed Xain Siddiqui, Yejin Gang, Jihyun Lee, Chan Lee, and Hee-Jae Suh. 2020. "Determination of Polyvinyl Acetate in Chewing Gum Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Evaporative Light Scattering Detector and Pyrolyzer–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry" Foods 9, no. 10: 1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101473