Authentication of the Origin, Variety and Roasting Degree of Coffee Samples by Non-Targeted HPLC-UV Fingerprinting and Chemometrics. Application to the Detection and Quantitation of Adulterated Coffee Samples
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Standard Solutions
2.2. Instrumentation
2.3. Samples and Sample Treatment
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. HPLC-UV Method
3.2. Non-Targeted HPLC-UV Fingerprints of Coffees
3.3. Sample Exploration by PCA
3.4. Sample Classification by PLS-DA
3.5. Supervised PLS-DA Method Validation
3.6. Quantitation of Coffee Adulterations by PLSR
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Commercial Name | Number of Samples | Coffee Variety | Origin Region | Roasting Degree |
---|---|---|---|---|
- | - | Set of sample 1 | - | - |
Arabica Ethiopia Harrar | 20 | Arabica | Ethiopia | 1/5 |
Bukeela | 20 | Arabica-Arabica Mixture | Ethiopia | 1/5 |
Dulsao | 20 | Arabica | Brazil | 2/5 |
Arpeggio | 20 | Arabica | Central and South-America | 4/5 |
Indriya | 20 | Arabica-Robusta Mixture | India | 4/5 |
Robusta Uganda | 20 | Robusta | Uganda | 4/5 |
- | - | Set of sample 2 | - | - |
Master Origin Colombia | 20 | Arabica | Colombia | 3/5 |
Master Origin Ethiopia | 20 | Arabica | Ethiopia | 2/5 |
Master Origin India | 20 | Arabica-Robusta Mixture | India | 5/5 |
Master Origin Nicaragua | 20 | Arabica | Nicaragua | 2/5 |
Master Origin Indonesia | 20 | Arabica | Indonesia | 4/5 |
Paris Black | 20 | Arabica-Robusta Mixture | Unknown origin | 4/5 |
- | - | Set of sample 3 | - | - |
- | 20 | Arabica | Vietnam | Unknown |
- | 20 | Robusta | Vietnam | Unknown |
- | 10 | Mixture | Vietnam | Unknown |
- | 6 | Unknown | Vietnam | Unknown |
- | 10 | Unknown | Cambodia | Unknown |
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Núñez, N.; Collado, X.; Martínez, C.; Saurina, J.; Núñez, O. Authentication of the Origin, Variety and Roasting Degree of Coffee Samples by Non-Targeted HPLC-UV Fingerprinting and Chemometrics. Application to the Detection and Quantitation of Adulterated Coffee Samples. Foods 2020, 9, 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030378
Núñez N, Collado X, Martínez C, Saurina J, Núñez O. Authentication of the Origin, Variety and Roasting Degree of Coffee Samples by Non-Targeted HPLC-UV Fingerprinting and Chemometrics. Application to the Detection and Quantitation of Adulterated Coffee Samples. Foods. 2020; 9(3):378. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030378
Chicago/Turabian StyleNúñez, Nerea, Xavi Collado, Clara Martínez, Javier Saurina, and Oscar Núñez. 2020. "Authentication of the Origin, Variety and Roasting Degree of Coffee Samples by Non-Targeted HPLC-UV Fingerprinting and Chemometrics. Application to the Detection and Quantitation of Adulterated Coffee Samples" Foods 9, no. 3: 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030378