Exploring Antioxidant and Enzymes (A-Amylase and B-Glucosidase) Inhibitory Activity of Morinda lucida and Momordica charantia Leaves from Benin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Preparation of Plants Extracts
2.4. Microplate Determination of Total Polyphenol Content
2.5. Microplate Determination of Total Flavonoid Content
2.6. HPLC-DAD Quantification of Bioactive Polyphenols from M. lucida and M. charantia Extracts
2.7. Microplate Determination of Antioxidant Activity
2.7.1. DPPH radical-scavenging activity
2.7.2. β-Carotene Bleaching Method
2.8. In vitro α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity Assay
2.9. Microplate β-Glucosidase Inhibition Assay
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Total Polyphenolic and Flavonoid Contents
3.2. HPLC-DAD Quantification of Bioactive Polyphenols
3.3. In Vitro Antioxidant Activities
3.4. Inhibition of α-amylase Activity
3.5. In Vitro β-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extracts | - | M. charantia | - | M. lucida | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extract Yield (%) | Total Polyphenols (µg GAE/mg) | Flavonoids (µg QE/mg) | Extract Yield (%) | Total Polyphenols (µg GAE/mg) | Flavonoids (µg QE/mg) | |
Water | 12.30 ± 0.20 | 113.22 ± 11.46 | 65.84 ± 12.07 | 19.01 ± 0.10 | 1501.11±76.67 | 147.32±1.85 |
Ethanol | 23.23 ± 0.45 | 1853.44 ± 180.99 | 41.69 ± 2.78 | 9.63 ± 0.15 | 2689.11 ± 314.76 | 487.41 ± 17.08 |
Ethyl acetate | 7.13 ± 0.20 | 1440.55 ± 21.76 | 96.33 ± 2.74 | 4.50 ± 0.55 | 1173.33 ± 58.16 | 38.49 ± 3.98 |
Acetone | 9.20 ± 0.30 | 320.92 ± 8.05 | 182.20 ± 51.78 | 6.60 ± 1.15 | 791.09 ± 24.43 | 131.33 ± 08.17 |
Dichloromethane | 9.50 ± 0.20 | 1287.77 ± 26.21 | 38.45 ± 6.24 | 7.40 ± 0.85 | 220.33 ± 88.12 | 115.86 ± 56.70 |
Methanol | 17.80 ± 0.26 | 989.55 ± 28.16 | 123.09 ± 9.63 | 9.83 ± 1.10 | 3048.33 ± 63.63 | 156.71 ± 18.02 |
Chloroform | 5.10 ± 0.36 | 209.59 ± 31.03 | 150.78 ± 9.89 | 2.50 ± 0.70 | 175.78 ± 22.07 | 22.35 ± 14.7 |
Petroleum Ether | 1.03 ± 0.05 | 185.78 ± 32.05 | 08.96 ± 3.92 | 1.43 ± 0.60 | 1353.77 ± 173.05 | 212.15 ± 57.89 |
Ethanol/water | 22.13 ± 0.15 | 842.11 ± 52.07 | 302.28 ± 46.34 | 17.50 ± 1.17 | 2184.44 ± 103.21 | 272.37 ± 66.37 |
Methanol/1%HCl | 18.50 ± 0.10 | 6833.88 ± 89.23 | 692.39 ± 1.89 | 11.23 ± 0.92 | 906.66 ± 51.47 | 336.61 ± 15.78 |
Methanol/HCl-PE | 16.30 ± 0.26 | 705.16 ± 91.21 | 201.15 ± 1.69 | 9.60 ± 0.26 | 2236.11 ± 26.34 | 191.45 ± 43.82 |
Methanol-EA | 8.80 ± 0.26 | 700.33 ± 77.66 | 440.43 ± 25.14 | 6.73 ± 0.75 | 2286.00 ± 143.84 | 441.65 ± d93.37 |
Extracts Content (mg/kg) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak | Compound | TR ** (min) | TR * (min) | λ max (nm) | H2O | H2O-EtOH 30:70 | MeOH | MeOH/1% HCl | EtOH | EAC | MeOH-EA | MeOH/ HCl-PE |
1 | Chlorogenic acid | 20.86 | 20.88 | 280, 300 | - | - | 6.72 ± 0.47 | 11.72 ± 0.52 | - | - | 5.31 ± 0.43 | 8.67 ± 0.52 |
2 | Epicatechin (-) | 23.56 | 23.74 | 230, 280 | - | 107.47 ± 0.72 | - | 85.44 ± 0.98 | 71.53 ± 0.83 | - | 50.59 ± 1.01 | 74.11 ± 0.14 |
3 | p-Coumaric acid | 24.10 | 24.22 | 300, 320 | 37.68 ± 0.59 | 52.25 ± 0.63 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
4 | Daidzein | 26.44 | 26.62 | 300, 320 | 15.31 ± 1.02 | - | 4.49 ± 0.26 | 19.10 ± 0.01 | - | - | 7.40 ± 0.70 | 10.69 ± 0.46 |
5 | Rutin | 29.70 | 29.68 | 230, 300 | 82.02 ± 1.11 | 74.23 ± 0.03 | 29.26 ± 0.09 | 54.53 ± 0.04 | 23.82 ± 0.07 | 16.14 ± 0.22 | 29.19 ± 0.07 | 28.85 ± 1.16 |
6 | Naringin | 31.51 | 31.50 | 320, 370 | 730.42 ± 38.22 | 286.31 ± 3.07 | 45.67 ± 0.02 | 425.04 ± 1.63 | 91.37 ± 0.06 | 3.04 ± 0.03 | 264.31 ± 1.03 | 161.17 ± 1.12 |
7 | Quercetin | 37.80 | 37.97 | 280, 300 | - | 13.75 ± 1.04 | 10.50 ± 2.09 | 12.76 ± 0.04 | - | 5.20 ± 1.05 | 4.94 ± 0.08 | - |
8 | Naringenin | 38.96 | 38.97 | 280, 300 | 50.80 ± 0.10 | 39.59 ± 1.03 | 24.39 ± 0.02 | 27.73 ± 0.05 | 23.29 ± 1.74 | 19.82 ± 0.06 | - | 21.24 ± 1.05 |
9 | Genistein | 39.11 | 39.19 | 320, 370 | 119.68 ± 0.07 | 57.07 ± 0.22 | 16.40 ± 0.06 | 42.80 ± 0.56 | 15.58 ± 0.13 | 38.32 ± 0.67 | 10.36 ± 0.03 | 16.93 ± 1.53 |
Extracts Content (mg/kg) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak | Compound | TR ** (min) | TR * (min) | λ max (nm) | H2O | H2O-EtOH 30:70 | MeOH | MeOH/1% HCl | EtOH | EAC | MeOH -EA | MeOH/ HCl-PE |
1 | Tannic acid | 2.30 | 2.32 | 280 | 18.74 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2 | Gallic acid | 3.51 | 3.31 | 250 | 30.21 ± 0.23 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
3 | Chlorogenic acid | 20.86 | 20.93 | 280, 300 | 7.24 ± 1.02 | - | - | 11.35 ± 0.20 | - | - | - | 0.97 ± 0.01 |
4 | Epicatechin (-) | 23.56 | 23.68 | 230, 280 | - | - | - | 143.34 ± 0.90 | - | 55.67 ± 0.44 | - | 12.49 ± 0.09 |
5 | p-Coumaric acid | 24.10 | 24.10 | 300, 320 | - | 65.88 ± 0.05 | - | 55.12 ± 0.57 | - | - | - | 4.86 ± 0.02 |
6 | Daidzein | 26.44 | 26.48 | 280, 320 | - | 9.37 ± 0.04 | 10.16 ± 0.15 | 20.82 ± 0.01 | 10.06 ± 0.52 | - | 3.56 ± 0.02 | 1.83 ± 0.05 |
7 | Rutin | 29.70 | 29.71 | 320, 370 | 21.88 ± 0.38 | 38.61 ± 0.06 | 41.56 ± 0.47 | 45.75 ± 0.46 | 40.87 ± 1.05 | - | 20.54 ± 0.10 | 3.83 ± 0.04 |
8 | Naringin | 31.51 | 31.72 | 320 | - | - | - | 1.07 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | - |
9 | Naringenin | 38.96 | 38.96 | 280, 300 | 29.85 ± 0.53 | - | 38.89 ± 0.36 | 45.44 ± 0.09 | - | - | 19.17 ± 0.38 | 3.96 ± 0.02 |
10 | Genistein | 39.11 | 39.20 | 300, 320 | 36.02 ± 0.15 | - | - | 54.77 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | 1.17 ± 0.02 |
Extracts Type | M. charantia | M. lucida | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
IC50 (mg/mL) | AAI | IC50 (mg/mL) | AAI | |
Water | >10 | nd | 3.35 ± 1.20 | 0.01 ± 0.11 |
Ethanol | 1.24 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 1.53 ± 0.37 | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
Ethyl acetate | 1.25 ± 0.21 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 7.02 ± 09 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
Acetone | 1.03 ± 0.11 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.91 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
Dichloromethane | >10 | nd | >10 | nd |
Methanol | 1.30 ± 0.12 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.51 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.00 |
Chloroform | 6.95 ± 0.21 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | >10 | nd |
Petroleum Ether | >25 | nd | >25 | nd |
Ethanol/water | 2.36 ± 0.08 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
Methanol/1%HCl | 1.14 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 6.05 ± 0.13 | 0.01 ± 0.07 |
Methanol/HCl-PE | 3.60 ± 0.26 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | - | - |
Methanol-EA | 1.33 ± 0.11 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | - | - |
Reference compound | IC50 (µg/mL) | AAI | - | - |
Ascorbic acid | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 130.57 ± 5.14 | - | - |
Gallic acid | 0.69 ± 0.01 | 71.78 ± 1.17 | - | - |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Chokki, M.; Cudălbeanu, M.; Zongo, C.; Dah-Nouvlessounon, D.; Ghinea, I.O.; Furdui, B.; Raclea, R.; Savadogo, A.; Baba-Moussa, L.; Avamescu, S.M.; et al. Exploring Antioxidant and Enzymes (A-Amylase and B-Glucosidase) Inhibitory Activity of Morinda lucida and Momordica charantia Leaves from Benin. Foods 2020, 9, 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040434
Chokki M, Cudălbeanu M, Zongo C, Dah-Nouvlessounon D, Ghinea IO, Furdui B, Raclea R, Savadogo A, Baba-Moussa L, Avamescu SM, et al. Exploring Antioxidant and Enzymes (A-Amylase and B-Glucosidase) Inhibitory Activity of Morinda lucida and Momordica charantia Leaves from Benin. Foods. 2020; 9(4):434. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040434
Chicago/Turabian StyleChokki, Michaelle, Mihaela Cudălbeanu, Cheikna Zongo, Durand Dah-Nouvlessounon, Ioana Otilia Ghinea, Bianca Furdui, Robert Raclea, Aly Savadogo, Lamine Baba-Moussa, Sorin Marius Avamescu, and et al. 2020. "Exploring Antioxidant and Enzymes (A-Amylase and B-Glucosidase) Inhibitory Activity of Morinda lucida and Momordica charantia Leaves from Benin" Foods 9, no. 4: 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040434