Polyphenol Stability and Physical Characteristics of Sweetened Dried Cranberries †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Proanthocyanidin Content
2.2. Anthocyanin Content
2.3. Total Phenolic Content
2.4. Water Activity and Moisture Content
2.5. Colorimetric and Texture Analyses
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Proanthocyanidin Content
3.2. Anthocyanin Content
3.3. Total Phenolic Content
3.4. Water Activity and Moisture Content
3.5. Colorimetric and Texture Analyses
3.5.1. Color
3.5.2. Texture
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Sliced Apple Juice Infused | Whole Apple Juice Infused | Sliced Sucrose Infused | Whole Sucrose Infused | Sliced Soluble Corn Fiber, Glycerin, Sucrose, and Sucralose Infused |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acronym | SAJ | WAJ | SSDC | WSDC | SCFG |
Structure | Sliced | Whole | Sliced | Whole | Sliced |
Ingredients | Cranberries, Apple Juice Concentrate | Cranberries, Apple Juice Concentrate | Cranberries, Sugar | Cranberries, Sugar | Cranberries, Soluble Corn Fiber, Sugar, Glycerin, Sucralose |
Initial Water Activity (Aw) | 0.5360 b | 0.5415 b | 0.4831 c | 0.4953 c | 0.5974 a |
Initial Moisture (%) | 16.86 a | 16.70 a | 14.37 b | 13.40 b | 18.42 a |
Time (Days) | 0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270 | 300 | 330 | 360 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sliced Apple Juice Infused (SAJ) | 0.56 aB ± 0.07 | 0.48 aC ± 0.06 | 0.51 aB ± 0.08 | 0.44 abB ± 0.12 | 0.41 abB ± 0.10 | 0.31 bcB ± 0.05 | 0.24 cdB ± 0.03 | 0.28 bcdA ± 0.03 | 0.24 cdA ± 0.02 | 0.21 cdeA ± 0.01 | 0.22 cdeA ± 0.04 | 0.21 cdeA ± 0.00 | 0.20 cdeA ± 0.02 | 0.20 cdeA ± 0.02 | 0.11 deA ± 0.02 | 0.07 eB ± 0.01 |
Whole Apple Juice Infused (WAJ) | 0.30 bC ± 0.06 | 0.41 aC ± 0.07 | 0.29 bC ± 0.04 | 0.25 bcC ± 0.01 | 0.26 bcC ± 0.04 | 0.18 cdC ± 0.03 | 0.13 deC ± 0.02 | 0.14 deB ± 0.02 | 0.09 defB ± 0.01 | 0.13 deB ± 0.03 | 0.13 deB ± 0.00 | 0.09 efB ± 0.00 | 0.06 efB ± 0.01 | 0.03 fB ± 0.01 | 0.02 fC ± 0.00 | 0.04 fC ± 0.00 |
Sliced Sucrose Infused (SSDC) | 0.61 cB ± 0.12 | 0.89 bA ± 0.03 | 0.90 bA ± 0.03 | 1.19 aA ± 0.09 | 0.96 bA ± 0.04 | 0.50 cdA ± 0.05 | 0.44 deA ± 0.04 | 0.33 efA ± 0.03 | 0.22 fgA ± 0.01 | 0.19 fghA ± 0.02 | 0.20 fghA ± 0.02 | 0.18 ghiA ± 0.02 | 0.09 ghiB ± 0.01 | 0.09 ghiB ± 0.01 | 0.08 hiAB ± 0.01 | 0.04 iC ± 0.01 |
Whole Sucrose Infused (WSDC) | 0.84 aA ± 0.08 | 0.62 bB ± 0.04 | 0.53 bB ± 0.05 | 0.33 cC ± 0.04 | 0.22 dC ± 0.03 | 0.11 eC ± 0.03 | 0.07 efC ± 0.02 | 0.03 efC ± 0.01 | 0.05 efB ± 0.03 | 0.05 efC ± 0.01 | 0.03 efC ± 0.00 | 0.02 fB ± 0.00 | 0.00 fB ± 0.00 | 0.00 fC ± 0.00 | Not Performed | Not Performed |
Sliced Soluble Corn Fiber, Glycerin, Sucrose, and Sucralose Infused (SCFG) | 1.04 aA ± 0.12 | 0.59 bB ± 0.08 | 0.53 bcB ± 0.05 | 0.55 bcB ± 0.04 | 0.44 cdB ± 0.01 | 0.31 deB ± 0.01 | 0.24 efB ± 0.02 | 0.27 eA ± 0.02 | 0.24 efA ± 0.01 | 0.21 efA ± 0.01 | 0.23 efA ± 0.05 | 0.21 efA ± 0.01 | 0.21 efA ± 0.02 | 0.23 efA ± 0.02 | 0.12 fA ± 0.01 | 0.13 fA ± 0.01 |
Time (Days) | 0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270 | 300 | 330 | 360 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sliced Apple Juice Infused (SAJ) | 22.72 aC ± 0.20 | 16.75 bB ± 1.86 | 16.58 bB ± 0.90 | 12.21 cB ± 1.84 | 13.61 cB ± 0.09 | 8.70 dB ± 0.69 | 6.03 eB ± 0.47 | 4.70 efC ± 0.64 | 3.90 efgB ± 0.16 | 3.22 fghB ± 0.13 | 3.51 fghB ± 0.29 | 2.70 fghB ± 0.17 | 2.59 fghB ± 0.11 | 1.93 ghA ± 0.22 | 1.52 hA ± 0.14 | 1.47 hA ± 0.28 |
Whole Apple Juice Infused (WAJ) | 12.42 aD ± 0.36 | 8.19 bC ± 0.94 | 6.53 cC ± 0.71 | 6.31 cBC ± 0.66 | 4.77 dC ± 0.95 | 3.14 eC ± 0.15 | 2.26 efC ± 0.16 | 1.44 fgD ± 0.09 | 1.10 fghC ± 0.04 | 0.87 ghC ± 0.38 | 0.78 ghD ± 0.02 | 0.36 ghC ± 0.15 | 0.08 hD ± 0.14 | 0.08 hB ± 0.14 | 0.00 hB ± 0.00 | 0.00 hB ± 0.00 |
Sliced Sucrose Infused (SSDC) | 40.10 aB ± 1.00 | 41.35 aA ± 2.54 | 37.98 abA ± 3.07 | 33.56 bA ± 1.01 | 28.73 cA ± 2.98 | 27.33 cA ± 2.62 | 10.68 dA ± 0.75 | 9.31 deA ± 0.97 | 5.32 efA ± 0.73 | 4.93 efA ± 0.13 | 4.45 fA ± 0.12 | 4.57 fA ± 0.18 | 3.59 fA ± 0.31 | 2.07 fA ± 0.08 | 1.61 fA ± 0.27 | 0.89 fAB ± 0.23 |
Whole Sucrose Infused (WSDC) | 3.14 aE ± 0.10 | 3.02 aD ± 0.03 | 2.38 bD ± 0.26 | 2.09 bC ± 0.06 | 1.55 cD ± 0.07 | 1.06 dD ± 0.05 | 0.67 eD ± 0.07 | 0.30 fE ± 0.31 | 0.08 fD ± 0.14 | 0.00 fD ± 0.00 | 0.00 fE ± 0.00 | Not Performed | Not Performed | Not Performed | Not Performed | Not Performed |
Sliced Soluble Corn Fiber, Glycerin, Sucrose, and Sucralose Infused (SCFG) | 72.61 aA ± 2.50 | 40.25 bA ± 1.43 | 23.07 cB ± 7.61 | 22.31 cA ± 1.00 | 16.88 cB ± 1.94 | 8.33 dB ± 1.44 | 6.20 deB ± 0.63 | 6.71 deB ± 0.21 | 3.48 deB ± 0.47 | 3.17 deB ± 0.33 | 2.30 deC ± 0.43 | 1.97 deB ± 0.33 | 1.83 deC ± 0.17 | 1.57 eA ± 0.10 | 1.46 eA ± 0.56 | 1.45 eA ± 0.61 |
Time (Days) | 0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270 | 300 | 330 | 360 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sliced Apple Juice Infused (SAJ) | 4.37 aC ± 0.20 | 4.51 abcB ± 0.25 | 4.59 abC ± 0.08 | 4.28 abcC ± 0.11 | 4.51 abcB ± 0.08 | 3.84 cC ± 0.11 | 3.99 bc ± 0.07 | 2.85 dA ± 0.33 | 2.57 dA ± 0.02 | 2.58 dA ± 0.04 | 2.56 dA ± 0.07 | 2.56 dA ± 0.05 | 2.51 dA ± 0.06 | 2.55 dA ± 0.09 | 2.61 dA ± 0.17 | 2.51 dA ± 0.18 |
Whole Apple Juice Infused (WAJ) | 5.87 aA ± 0.46 | 5.34 abA ± 0.09 | 5.42 abA ± 0.15 | 5.27 bA ± 0.06 | 5.58 abA ± 0.20 | 5.36 abA ± 0.24 | 3.29 c ± 0.32 | 2.75 cdA ± 0.08 | 2.65 dA ± 0.08 | 2.43 dA ± 0.05 | 2.80 cdA ± 0.11 | 2.79 cdA ± 0.07 | 2.94 cdA ± 0.22 | 2.94 cdA ± 0.05 | 2.64 dA ± 0.10 | 2.53 dA ± 0.04 |
Sliced Sucrose Infused (SSDC) | 2.69 aD ± 0.06 | 2.60 abcC ± 0.02 | 2.50 abcDde ± 0.02 | 2.61 abD ± 0.04 | 2.54 abcCd ± 0.11 | 2.53 abcdD ± 0.09 | 2.66 ab ± 0.13 | 2.28 deA ± 0.09 | 2.22 eA ± 0.08 | 2.26 deA ± 0.09 | 2.24 eA ± 0.07 | 2.29 deA ± 0.08 | 2.38 bcdeA ± 0.03 | 2.24 eA ± 0.11 | 2.26 deA ± 0.23 | 2.32 cdeA ± 0.05 |
Whole Sucrose Infused (WSDC) | 2.64 aD ± 0.08 | 2.62 aC ± 0.11 | 2.59 aD ± 0.07 | 2.49 abD ± 0.02 | 2.44 abcC ± 0.04 | 2.56 aD ± 0.10 | 2.55 ab ± 0.03 | 2.40 abcAd ± 0.09 | 2.27 bcdAe ± 0.06 | 2.09 deA ± 0.05 | 2.23 bcdAe ± 0.20 | 2.40 abcdA ± 0.18 | 2.43 abcA ± 0.08 | 2.16 cdeA ± 0.08 | 2.05 eA ± 0.08 | 2.35 abcdeA ± 0.17 |
Sliced Soluble Corn Fiber, Glycerin, Sucrose, and Sucralose Infused (SCFG) | 5.04 aB ± 0.03 | 4.35 bcdB ± 0.54 | 4.95 aB ± 0.03 | 4.67 abcB ± 0.17 | 4.85 abB ± 0.12 | 4.04 dB ± 0.08 | 4.28 cd ± 0.11 | 2.87 eA ± 0.43 | 2.33 eA ± 0.05 | 2.37 eA ± 0.01 | 2.46 eA ± 0.02 | 2.47 eA ± 0.03 | 2.46 eA ± 0.03 | 2.41 eA ± 0.05 | 2.58 eA ± 0.15 | 2.44 eA ± 0.02 |
Time (Days) | 0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270 | 300 | 330 | 360 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sliced Apple Juice Infused (SAJ) | 0.00 fA ± 0.00 | 1.49 efB ± 0.96 | 1.28 efB ± 0.99 | 2.18 defA ± 0.99 | 1.41 efAB ± 0.34 | 1.44 efB ± 0.28 | 3.59 abcdeB ± 0.73 | 4.95 abcA ± 1.80 | 4.16 abcdB ± 0.60 | 5.58 abA ± 1.47 | 6.11 aA ± 0.45 | 5.81 abB ± 1.01 | 5.75 abB ± 0.43 | 3.59 abcdeB ± 0.35 | 2.75 cdeC ± 0.76 | 3.39 bcdeBC ± 0.33 |
Whole Apple Juice Infused (WAJ) | 0.00 fA ± 0.00 | 0.71 efC ± 0.01 | 2.18 cdA ± 0.39 | 3.47 abA ± 0.41 | 1.98 deA ± 0.72 | 2.96 bcdA ± 0.27 | 3.67 abB ± 0.85 | 3.22 abB ± 0.32 | 3.47 abC ± 0.29 | 3.56 abC ± 0.04 | 3.47 abC ± 0.12 | 3.89 abC ± 0.26 | 3.52 abC ± 0.21 | 3.70 abB ± 0.08 | 3.96 abB ± 0.16 | 4.28 aB ± 0.56 |
Sliced Sucrose Infused (SSDC) | 0.00 hA ± 0.00 | 0.76 fghC ± 0.21 | 0.85 fghC ± 0.10 | 0.46 ghC ± 0.03 | 0.53 fghC ± 0.10 | 1.71 efgB ± 0.36 | 1.75 efC ± 0.17 | 3.93 abcB ± 0.22 | 4.99 aB ± 0.84 | 4.18 abcB ± 0.22 | 4.82 abB ± 0.45 | 3.66 bcdC ± 0.51 | 4.10 abcC ± 0.87 | 3.74 abcB ± 0.36 | 3.33 cdB ± 0.57 | 2.42 deC ± 0.43 |
Whole Sucrose Infused (WSDC) | 0.00 hA ± 0.00 | 0.68 ghC ± 0.08 | 0.87 fghC ± 0.20 | 0.99 efghB ± 0.51 | 1.18 defghB ± 0.07 | 1.28 defgB ± 0.14 | 2.03 bcdefC ± 0.61 | 2.16 bcdeC ± 0.52 | 3.12 abC ± 0.49 | 3.45 aC ± 0.35 | 3.17 abC ± 0.60 | 2.19 bcdeD ± 0.20 | 1.84 cdefgD ± 0.24 | 2.25 abcdC ± 0.42 | 2.65 abcC ± 0.42 | 2.50 abcC ± 0.70 |
Sliced Soluble Corn Fiber, Glycerin, Sucrose, and Sucralose Infused (SCFG) | 0.00 dA ± 0.00 | 2.33 cA ± 1.19 | 1.62 cdAB ± 0.50 | 2.71 cA ± 1.09 | 2.37 cA ± 0.23 | 3.39 bcA ± 0.50 | 5.19 abA ± 0.92 | 5.83 aA ± 0.79 | 6.52 aA ± 0.50 | 5.82 aA ± 0.55 | 6.75 aA ± 0.23 | 6.96 aA ± 0.37 | 7.18 aA ± 1.42 | 6.46 aA ± 0.23 | 6.23 aA ± 0.48 | 6.75 aA ± 0.12 |
Time (Days) | 0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270 | 300 | 330 | 360 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sliced Apple Juice Infused (SAJ) | 199.67 aB ± 58.03 | 130.73 aA ± 3.96 | 172.57 aA ± 48.97 | 198.17 aA ± 16.91 | 156.10 aA ± 7.85 | 140.50 aA ± 19.66 | 183.00 aA ± 14.63 | 174.00 aA ± 36.29 | 164.31 aA ± 52.39 | 161.33 aA ± 43.57 | 220.61 aA ± 34.49 | 169.34 aA ± 7.98 | 204.32 aA ± 26.25 | 194.92 aA ± 21.54 | 216.74 aA ± 30.68 | 214.88 aA ± 21.06 |
Whole Apple Juice Infused (WAJ) | 180.07 aB ± 27.03 | 164.23 abA ± 28.93 | 93.90 bB ± 54.14 | 104.67 abB ± 20.55 | 96.35 bB ± 16.10 | 140.13 abA ± 14.77 | 127.22 abB ± 39.75 | 154.71 abA ± 27.55 | 116.72 abB ± 31.31 | 102.33 abB ± 15.75 | 130.54 abC ± 25.17 | 103.09 abB ± 15.85 | 143.56 abA ± 7.10 | 141.61 abA ± 26.02 | 155.31 abA ± 16.41 | 176.79 aA ± 13.89 |
Sliced Sucrose Infused (SSDC) | 90.00 abcdC ± 15.54 | 126.48 aA ± 27.91 | 91.83 aBbcd ± 22.39 | 67.59 bcdC ± 11.02 | 97.77 abcdB ± 16.48 | 75.24 bcdB ± 11.20 | 75.16 bcdC ± 16.83 | 108.93 abcB ± 14.16 | 77.86 bcdC ± 10.35 | 78.94 abcdC ± 13.66 | 55.37 dD ± 5.33 | 64.76 cdC ± 7.30 | 73.20 bcdB ± 16.15 | 95.66 abcdB ± 17.16 | 114.14 abB ± 17.23 | 111.90 abcB ± 19.97 |
Whole Sucrose Infused (WSDC) | 61.25 abC ± 7.87 | 76.34 abB ± 9.56 | 78.05 abC ± 12.55 | 87.22 abBC ± 15.44 | 70.68 abB ± 12.33 | 71.43 abB ± 26.21 | 74.51 abC ± 21.70 | 77.85 abC ± 19.42 | 73.81 abC ± 15.45 | 49.11 bD ± 16.24 | 43.03 bD ± 10.15 | 54.99 abC ± 13.84 | 51.92 abB ± 15.24 | 63.43 abC ± 16.41 | 85.46 abB ± 9.30 | 96.70 aB ± 16.03 |
Sliced Soluble Corn Fiber, Glycerin, Sucrose, and Sucralose Infused (SCFG) | 292.47 aA ± 29.88 | 129.83 bA ± 9.94 | 193.20 bA ± 47.50 | 156.83 bA ± 44.43 | 171.97 bA ± 28.10 | 175.95 bA ± 30.77 | 185.30 bA ± 21.90 | 168.25 bA ± 2.05 | 156.28 bA ± 83.98 | 182.30 bA ± 11.35 | 167.25 bB ± 22.92 | 150.02 bA ± 20.88 | 185.52 bA ± 13.60 | 193.50 bA ± 8.12 | 189.12 bA ± 12.05 | 184.97 bA ± 13.77 |
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Kovacev, K.; Hughes, B.; Smith, J.S. Polyphenol Stability and Physical Characteristics of Sweetened Dried Cranberries. Foods 2020, 9, 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050551
Kovacev K, Hughes B, Smith JS. Polyphenol Stability and Physical Characteristics of Sweetened Dried Cranberries. Foods. 2020; 9(5):551. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050551
Chicago/Turabian StyleKovacev, Kara, Brianna Hughes, and J. Scott Smith. 2020. "Polyphenol Stability and Physical Characteristics of Sweetened Dried Cranberries" Foods 9, no. 5: 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050551