Motivating Military Trainee Healthy Eating: Insight from Two Sites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Foundation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Target Population
3.2. Survey
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Sample
4.2. Eating Motivations
4.3. Behavioural Segments
4.4. Associations between Eating Motivations and Healthful Behaviours
5. Discussion
Limitations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Motivation Questions
- I eat what I eat…because I’m hungry
- I eat what I eat…because I need energy
- I eat what I eat…because it is pleasantly filling
- I eat what I eat…to maintain a balanced diet
- I eat what I eat…because it is healthy
- I eat what I eat…because it keeps me in shape (e.g., energetic, motivated)
- I eat what I eat…because it is low in calories
- I eat what I eat…because I watch my weight
- I eat what I eat…because it is low in fat
- I eat what I eat…because it is easy to prepare
- I eat what I eat…because it is quick to prepare
- I eat what I eat…because it is the most convenient
- I eat what I eat…because it makes social gatherings more comfortable
- I eat what I eat…so that I can spend time with other people
- I eat what I eat…because it is social
- I eat what I eat…to avoid disappointing someone who is trying to make me happy
- I eat what I eat…because it is trendy
- I eat what I eat…because I am supposed to eat it
- I eat what I eat…because it makes me look good in front of others
- I eat what I eat…because it would be impolite not to eat it
- I eat what I eat…because others like it
- I eat what I eat…because I have the skills to shop for my own food
- I eat what I eat…because I can make many different things
- I eat what I eat…because I can cook many different things
- I eat what I eat…because I have a good level of knowledge of the various ways to cook food
- I eat what I eat…because there are lots of different fruit and vegetables available
- I eat what I eat…because there are many shops selling fruit and vegetables nearby
- I eat what I eat…because fruit and vegetables are easy to buy
- I eat what I eat…because I don’t have the time to shop for my own food
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ADFA (Officer Cadets) (n = 195) | Kapooka (Army Recruits) (n = 297) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender * | Frequency (%) | Frequency (%) | 0.002 |
Male | 129 (66.2) | 235 (79.1) | |
Female | 63 (32.3) | 61 (20.5) | |
Missing/not stated | 3 (1.5) | 1 (0.3) | |
Age * | 0.000 | ||
18–24 | 186 (95.4) | 209 (70.4) | |
25–29 | 7 (3.6) | 56 18.9) | |
30–34 | 1 (0.5) | 17 (5.7) | |
>35 | 1 (0.5) | 15 (5.1) | |
Education | 0.053 | ||
High School | 169 (86.7) | 230 (77.4) | |
Graduate Certificate | 8 (4.1) | 8 (2.7) | |
Diploma | 4 (2.1) | 15 (5.1) | |
Advanced Diploma | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | |
Bachelor’s Degree | 11 (5.6) | 23 (7.7) | |
Postgraduate Degree | 0 (0.0) | 6 (2.0) | |
Other/Missing | 3 (1.5) | 14 (4.7) | |
BMI * | 0.015 | ||
<18.5 (less than normal) | 2 (1.0) | 3 (1.0) | |
18.5–24.9 (normal) | 142 (72.8) | 178 (59.9) | |
>24.9 (above normal) | 51 (26.2) | 98 (33.0) | |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 18 (6.1) |
Officer Cadets (n = 195) | Army Recruits (n = 297) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Breakfast consumption *** | Frequency (%) | Frequency (%) | |
Never | 126 (65%) | 8 (3%) | |
Sometimes | 41 (21%) | 53 (18%) | |
Often | 25 (13%) | 55 (19%) | |
Always | 3 (2%) | 181 (61%) | |
Fruit consumption (2 portions/day) *** | |||
Never | 39 (20%) | 21 (7%) | |
Sometimes | 46 (24%) | 146 (49%) | |
Often | 96 (49%) | 94 (32%) | |
Always | 14 (7%) | 36 (12%) | |
Vegetable consumption (2 portions/day) *** | |||
Never | 92 (47%) | 5 (2%) | |
Sometimes | 78 (40%) | 67 (23%) | |
Often | 23 (12%) | 130 (44%) | |
Always | 2 (1%) | 95 (32%) | |
Cake/dessert consumption at meals *** | |||
Never | 42 (22%) | 10 (3%) | |
Sometimes | 129 (66%) | 42 (14%) | |
Often | 21 (11%) | 185 (62%) | |
Always | 3 (2%) | 60 (20%) | |
Wine/beer consumption at meals *** | |||
Never | 84 (43%) | 5 (2%) | |
Sometimes | 102 (52%) | 14 (5%) | |
Often | 8 (4%) | 122 (41%) | |
Always | 1 (0%) | 156 (53%) | |
Consumption of 3 meals/day *** | |||
Never | 115 (60%) | 3 (1%) | |
Sometimes | 56 (29%) | 46 (16%) | |
Often | 21 (11%) | 79 (27%) | |
Always | 3 (2%) | 169 (57%) | |
Dairy consumption *** | |||
Never | 42 (22%) | 45 (15%) | |
Sometimes | 46 (24%) | 115 (39%) | |
Often | 73 (37%) | 73 (25%) | |
Always | 34 (17%) | 64 (22%) | |
Water intake (at least 1–1.5L /day) *** | |||
Never | 118 (61%) | 1 (0%) | |
Sometimes | 64 (33%) | 27 (9%) | |
Often | 13 (7%) | 88 (30%) | |
Always | 0 (0%) | 181 (61%) |
Officer Cadets (n = 195) | Army Recruits (n = 297) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Motivation (7-Point Scale) | Cronbach’s alpha Cadets, Recruits | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
Health/balanced diet (3 survey items) | 0.83, 0.88 | 4.96 (1.32) | 5.10 (1.39) |
Convenience (3 survey items) ** | 0.68, 0.73 | 4.63 (1.25) | 4.93 (1.09) |
Ability (4 survey items) *** | 0.74, 0.84 | 3.40 (1.32) | 4.35 (1.52) |
Opportunity (3 survey items) *** | 0.68, 0.79 | 3.38 (1.27) | 4.24 (1.51) |
Sociability (3 survey items) ** | 0.80, 0.82 | 3.73 (1.31) | 3.37 (1.34) |
Weight control (3 survey items) * | 0.75,0.78 | 3.16 (1.33) | 3.45 (1.36) |
Social norms (2 survey items) ** | 0.65, 0.60 | 2.52 (1.21) | 2.83 (1.36) |
Social image (3 survey items) | 0.78, 0.62 | 2.11 (1.03) | 2.16 (1.02) |
Need for energy (1 survey item) | n/a | 5.13 (1.8) | 5.40 (1.64) |
Hunger (1 survey item) | n/a | 5.18 (1.54) | 5.15 (1.54) |
Satiety (1 survey item) *** | n/a | 4.57 (1.63) | 5.20 (1.25) |
Conventional eating (1 survey item) | n/a | 4.16 (1.68) | 4.38 (1.70) |
Lack of time (1 survey item) *** | n/a | 4.25 (1.90) | 2.82 (1.54) |
Uninterested (n = 188) | Breakfast skippers (n = 93) | Weight conscious (n = 211) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.153 | |||
Male | 76.6% | 65.6% | 75.4% | |
Female | 23.4% | 33.3% | 23.2% | |
Missing/not stated | 0% | 1.1% | 1.4% | |
Age * | 0.000 | |||
18–24 | 92.6% | 50.5% | 82.5% | |
25–29 | 5.9% | 25.8% | 13.3% | |
30–34 | 1.1% | 14% | 1.4% | |
>35 | 0.5% | 9.7% | 2.8% | |
Education * | 0.000 | |||
High School | 100% | 0% | 100% | |
Graduate Certificate | 0% | 17.2% | 0% | |
Diploma | 0% | 20.4% | 0% | |
Advanced Diploma | 0% | 1.1% | 0% | |
Bachelor’s Degree | 0% | 36.6% | 0% | |
Postgraduate Degree | 0% | 6.5% | 0% | |
BMI | 0.633 | |||
<18.5 (less than normal) | 1.1% | 0% | 1.4% | |
18.5–24.9 (normal) | 68.6% | 61.3% | 63.5% | |
>24.9 (above normal) | 26.1% | 35.5% | 31.8% | |
Missing | 4.3% | 3.2% | 3.3% | |
Healthfulness of eating habits score * | 10.4 (4.8) | 13.9 (5.4) | 14.5 (6.2) | 0.000 |
You eat breakfast * | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.2) | 1.9 (1.2) | 0.000 |
You eat at least 2 portions (200 g) of fruit | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.9) | 0.744 |
You eat at least 2 portions (200 g) of vegetables * | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.7 (1.0) | 0.000 |
You eat cake or a dessert at meals * | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.8 (0.8) | 0.000 |
You drink wine or beer at meals * | 1.3 (1.1) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.1) | 0.000 |
You eat 3 meals * | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.2) | 0.000 |
You drink at least one glass of milk or you eat at least one cup of yoghurt | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.0) | 0.677 |
You drink at least 1–1.5 L of water * | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.2) | 0.000 |
Motivations for Eating | Uninterested (n = 188) | Breakfast Skippers (n = 93) | Weight Conscious (n = 211) |
---|---|---|---|
Mean | Mean | Mean | |
Need for energy | 4.7 a | 5.3 b | 5.8 c |
Hunger | 5.1 a | 5.1 a | 5.3 a |
Health/balanced diet | 4.1 a | 5.1 b | 5.8 c |
Satiety | 4.5 a | 5.4 b | 5.0 b |
Convenience | 4.7 a | 4.9 a | 4.7 a |
Conventional eating | 3.9 a | 4.3 a b | 4.6 b |
Ability | 2.9 a | 4.3 b | 4.8 c |
Opportunity | 2.8 a | 4.1 b | 4.8 c |
Sociability | 3.4 a | 3.4 a | 3.7 a |
Lack of time | 4.1 a | 3.0 b | 2.9 b |
Weight control | 2.7 a | 3.4 b | 3.9 c |
Social norms | 2.5 a | 2.8 a | 2.8 a |
Social image | 2.0 a | 2.1 a b | 2.3 b |
Uninterested (n = 188) | Breakfast Skippers (n = 93) | Weight Conscious (n = 211) | |
---|---|---|---|
Need for energy | |||
Hunger | |||
Health/balanced diet | Negative (−4.175) | ||
Satiety | |||
Convenience | Positive (2.062) | ||
Conventional eating | |||
Ability | Negative (−2.523) | ||
Opportunity | |||
Sociability | Negative (−3.563) | ||
Lack of time | Negative (−2.988) | Negative (−3.355) | |
Weight control | Positive (2.756) | Negative (−2.024) | |
Social norms | Positive (2.325) | Positive (2.328) | |
Social image |
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Kitunen, A.; Carins, J.; Rundle-Thiele, S. Motivating Military Trainee Healthy Eating: Insight from Two Sites. Foods 2020, 9, 1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081053
Kitunen A, Carins J, Rundle-Thiele S. Motivating Military Trainee Healthy Eating: Insight from Two Sites. Foods. 2020; 9(8):1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081053
Chicago/Turabian StyleKitunen, Anna, Julia Carins, and Sharyn Rundle-Thiele. 2020. "Motivating Military Trainee Healthy Eating: Insight from Two Sites" Foods 9, no. 8: 1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081053