In Vivo Evaluation of the Oral Toxicity of the Chlorobutanol
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Substance and Vehicle
2.2. Test Animals
2.3. Single-Dose Toxicity Study Design
2.4. Repeated-Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Design
2.5. Hematology and Clinical Biochemistry
2.6. Gross Necropsy
2.7. Histopathology
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Single-Dose Toxicity Study
3.2. The 28-Day Repeated Oral Toxicity Study
3.2.1. Clinical Signs, Necropsy Findings, and Food and Water Consumption
3.2.2. Relative Organ Weights
3.2.3. Hematological Changes
3.2.4. Biochemical Changes
3.2.5. Histopathological Examination
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Body Weight (g) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Dose (mg/kg) | Number Dosed | Day 0 | Day 7 | Day 14 | Mortality (Dead/Total) |
Male | 0 | 5 | 176.34 ± 5.06 | 229.41 ± 6.94 | 275.50 ± 6.05 | 0% (0/5) |
62.5 | 5 | 176.02 ± 2.66 | 221.15 ± 8.16 | 272.97 ± 11.83 | 0% (0/5) | |
125 | 5 | 176.49 ± 2.51 | 220.38 ± 4.23 | 274.30 ± 5.24 | 0% (0/5) | |
250 | 5 | 176.95 ± 4.92 | 203.08 ± 9.15 | 266.49 ± 10.31 | 0% (0/5) | |
Female | 0 | 5 | 131.99 ± 4.83 | 157.25 ± 7.37 | 180.22 ± 9.81 | 0% (0/5) |
62.5 | 5 | 131.76 ± 3.17 | 160.48 ± 5.99 | 180.22 ± 9.11 | 0% (0/5) | |
125 | 5 | 131.66 ± 3.14 | 159.92 ± 9.75 | 182.97 ± 10.46 | 0% (0/5) | |
250 | 5 | 131.57 ± 3.76 | 145.31 ± 4.56 | 171.35 ± 6.38 | 20% (1/5) |
Body Weight (g) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Dose (mg/kg) | Number Dosed | Day 0 | Day 7 | Day 14 | Day 21 | Day 28 | Mortality (Dead/Total) |
Male | 0 | 5 | 175.5 ± 5.8 | 224.9 ± 8.3 | 269.7 ± 13.1 | 305.3 ± 16.4 | 330.6 ± 16.4 | 0% (0/5) |
12.5 | 7 | 175.5 ± 7.5 | 225.9 ± 9.7 | 270.1 ± 12.9 | 302.1 ± 13.2 | 328.8 ± 12.1 | 0% (0/5) | |
25 | 7 | 175.8 ± 6.0 | 227.3 ± 9.1 | 270.7 ± 10.5 | 302.5 ± 17.4 | 325.7 ± 20.6 | 0% (0/7) | |
50 | 7 | 175.6 ± 4.7 | 226.4 ± 6.4 | 268.2 ± 11.4 | 302.0 ± 13.5 | 327.0 ± 14.6 | 0% (0/7) | |
100 | 7 | 176.3 ± 4.0 | 221.9 ± 9.2 | 263.1 ± 14.3 | 296.7 ± 24.1 | 324.1 ± 28.9 | 0% (0/7) | |
Female | 0 | 5 | 137.1 ± 4.2 | 167.0 ± 4.0 | 185.7 ± 5.9 | 199.3 ± 8.0 | 209.9 ± 10.4 | 0% (0/5) |
12.5 | 7 | 137.7 ± 4.4 | 167.8 ± 8.5 | 186.5 ± 17.4 | 203.4 ± 21.4 | 210.3 ± 20.2 | 0% (0/5) | |
25 | 7 | 138.0 ± 4.9 | 170.3 ± 11.8 | 189.0 ± 14.8 | 205.0 ± 17.1 | 213.5 ± 18.3 | 0% (0/7) | |
50 | 7 | 137.4 ± 4.6 | 171.0 ± 9.3 | 187.2 ± 11.9 | 199.6 ± 12.9 | 210.2 ± 15.1 | 0% (0/7) | |
100 | 7 | 138.8 ± 5.7 | 172.4 ± 9.9 | 195.8 ± 11.6 | 212.8 ± 7.7 | 202.8 ± 28.1 | 14% (1/7) |
Feed Intake (g) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Dose (mg/kg) | Number Dosed | 1st Week | 2nd Week | 3rd Week | 4th Week |
Male | 0 | 5 | 18.3 ± 2.1 | 17.1 ± 2.5 | 18.2 ± 2.1 | 15.9 ± 3.1 |
12.5 | 7 | 19.0 ± 0.7 | 17.8 ± 0.2 | 17.1 ± 1.6 | 16.4 ± 1.5 | |
25 | 7 | 18.2 ± 3.1 | 18.7 ± 1.4 | 17.9 ± 2.0 | 15.3 ± 1.6 | |
50 | 7 | 18.9 ± 0.8 | 18.7 ± 1.6 | 17.2 ± 1.3 | 16.8 ± 1.3 | |
100 | 7 | 14.6 ± 2.1 * | 22.8 ± 4.5 * | 19.8 ± 2.0 | 17.8 ± 3.4 | |
Female | 0 | 5 | 12.0 ± 1.0 | 11.4 ± 1.6 | 9.8 ± 1.5 | 10.2 ± 1.1 |
12.5 | 7 | 11.7 ± 1.5 | 11.7 ± 1.0 | 11.0 ± 1.7 | 10.1 ± 1.3 | |
25 | 7 | 12.4 ± 2.1 | 12.2 ± 0.7 | 11.5 ± 1.5 | 12.2 ± 1.5 * | |
50 | 7 | 13.1 ± 0.8 | 11.6 ± 1.1 | 10.8 ± 0.4 | 13.6 ± 0.4 * | |
100 | 7 | 10.4 ± 1.7 | 12.8 ± 0.9 * | 12.0 ± 2.2 * | 8.6 ± 2.0 |
Water Consumption (g) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Dose (mg/kg) | Number Dosed | 1st Week | 2nd Week | 3rd Week | 4th Week |
Male | 0 | 5 | 33.3 ± 4.9 | 33.9 ± 3.3 | 36.0 ± 4.9 | 30.3 ± 5.7 |
12.5 | 7 | 33.2 ± 1.9 | 32.7 ± 3.7 | 36.6 ± 6.2 | 33.2 ± 5.2 | |
25 | 7 | 36.9 ± 5.2 | 36.9 ± 5.0 | 36.4 ± 5.1 | 34.8 ± 6.8 | |
50 | 7 | 34.6 ± 6.6 | 34.5 ± 5.2 | 32.9 ± 6.8 | 31.0 ± 4.6 | |
100 | 7 | 23.3 ± 4.6 * | 37.4 ± 6.3 | 30.6 ± 2.6 | 29.9 ± 4.4 | |
Female | 0 | 5 | 23.8 ± 1.8 | 23.5 ± 3.4 | 25.9 ± 1.6 | 24.3 ± 1.7 |
12.5 | 7 | 24.5 ± 1.1 | 22.4 ± 2.5 | 24.3 ± 2.8 | 24.4 ± 5.6 | |
25 | 7 | 26.1 ± 2.3 | 22.4 ± 4.1 | 25.1 ± 8.4 | 25.6 ± 6.9 | |
50 | 7 | 25.0 ± 1.6 | 23.2 ± 4.8 | 23.8 ± 2.1 | 23.7 ± 1.9 | |
100 | 7 | 28.6 ± 8.2 | 24.6 ± 3.0 | 23.1 ± 2.9 | 15.2 ± 5.6 * |
Organ (g/100 g Body Weight) | Groups (mg/kg/day) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 | 100 | |
Male | |||||
Liver | 2.78 ± 0.07 | 2.86 ± 0.14 | 3.00 ± 0.13 * | 3.09 ± 0.09 * | 3.51 ± 0.15 * |
Kidney-R | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.09 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.44 ± 0.04 * |
Kidney-L | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.39 ± 0.02 * | 0.43 ± 0.04 * |
Adrenal gland-R (mg) | 7.73 ± 0.19 | 7.93 ± 0.90 | 7.91 ± 1.04 | 7.68 ± 0.77 | 8.64 ± 1.41 |
Adrenal gland-L (mg) | 8.00 ± 0.98 | 8.06 ± 1.05 | 7.83 ± 0.85 | 7.68 ± 0.73 | 8.08 ± 1.04 |
Heart | 0.40 ± 0.02 | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.02 | 0.43 ± 0.02 |
Lung | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.46 ± 0.03 |
Brain | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.02 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.56 ± 0.05 |
Pituitary gland | 3.16 ± 0.20 | 3.45 ± 0.50 | 3.16 ± 0.25 | 3.55 ± 0.30 | 3.27 ± 0.39 |
Spleen | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.23 ± 0.02 * | 0.22 ± 0.02 |
Thymus | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.02 |
Testis-R | 0.60 ± 0.04 | 0.59 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.05 | 0.57 ± 0.05 |
Testis-L | 0.59 ± 0.05 | 0.60 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.56 ± 0.05 | 0.56 ± 0.05 |
Epididymides-R | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 |
Epididymides-L | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 |
Prostate | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.02 |
Seminal vesicle | 0.45 ± 0.07 | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 0.43 ± 0.07 | 0.42 ± 0.05 | 0.42 ± 0.04 |
Salivary gland | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.01 |
Thyroid gland-R (mg) | 3.02 ± 0.62 | 3.10 ± 0.61 | 2.61 ± 0.60 | 2.99 ± 0.37 | 2.78 ± 0.29 |
Thyroid gland-L (mg) | 3.30 ± 1.18 | 2.94 ± 0.30 | 2.67 ± 0.42 | 2.64 ± 0.70 | 2.84 ± 0.59 |
Female | |||||
Liver | 2.82 ± 0.15 | 2.88 ± 0.21 | 2.93 ± 0.17 | 2.94 ± 0.27 | 4.49 ± 0.99 * |
Kidney-R | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 0.43 ± 0.10 * |
Kidney-L | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.12 * |
Adrenal gland-R (mg) | 14.48 ± 1.44 | 15.26 ± 2.51 | 15.50 ± 1.62 | 16.42 ± 2.64 | 18.35 ± 7.76 |
Adrenal gland-L (mg) | 15.07 ± 1.97 | 15.07 ± 2.22 | 14.70 ± 2.52 | 16.04 ± 1.67 | 17.39 ± 7.25 |
Heart | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.42 ± 0.03 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.03 | 0.50 ± 0.04 * |
Lung | 0.55 ± 0.02 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 0.58 ± 0.06 |
Brain | 0.82 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.81 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 0.84 ± 0.11 |
Pituitary gland | 5.30 ± 0.66 | 5.65 ± 1.10 | 5.24 ± 1.07 | 5.53 ± 0.79 | 5.80 ± 0.75 |
Spleen | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.07 |
Thymus | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.06 |
Ovary-R | 21.68 ± 1.89 | 23.06 ± 5.77 | 23.37 ± 4.16 | 23.89 ± 4.23 | 22.11 ± 3.78 |
Ovary-L | 23.21 ± 2.78 | 22.07 ± 2.56 | 22.79 ± 1.92 | 21.39 ± 2.27 | 22.12 ± 5.20 |
Uterus | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | 0.34 ± 0.20 | 0.26 ± 0.11 | 0.20 ± 0.08 |
Salivary gland | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.02 * |
Thyroid gland-R (mg) | 4.52 ± 1.45 | 4.20 ± 1.17 | 4.77 ± 0.52 | 4.69 ± 1.85 | 5.00 ± 1.40 |
Thyroid gland-L (mg) | 4.67 ± 0.50 | 4.01 ± 0.76 | 4.20 ± 0.82 | 4.01 ± 1.30 | 4.49 ± 1.87 |
Groups (mg/kg/day) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | 0 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 | 100 |
Male | |||||
WBC (×103 cells/μL) | 8.1 ± 2.3 | 6.6 ± 1.8 | 9.1 ± 2.1 | 7.4 ± 2.3 | 8.0 ± 1.5 |
RBC (×106 cells/μL) | 8.2 ± 0.2 | 8.3 ± 0.4 | 8.2 ± 0.2 | 8.0 ± 0.8 | 8.1 ± 0.3 |
HGB (g/dL) | 16.2 ± 0.5 | 15.9 ± 0.7 | 15.9 ± 0.4 | 15.2 ± 1.4 | 15.8 ± 0.6 |
HCT (%) | 48.6 ± 1.4 | 48.7 ± 1.9 | 48.9 ± 1.6 | 47.1 ± 5.2 | 49.3 ± 2.0 |
MCV (fL) | 59.1 ± 1.1 | 59.0 ± 1.3 | 59.8 ± 1.3 | 58.7 ± 2.5 | 60.7 ± 1.6 |
MCH (pg) | 19.7 ± 0.5 | 19.2 ± 0.5 | 19.4 ± 0.6 | 19.0 ± 0.7 | 19.5 ± 0.4 |
MCHC (g/dL) | 33.3 ± 0.3 | 32.6 ± 0.5 | 32.6 ± 0.5 | 32.5 ± 0.8 * | 32.0 ± 0.4 * |
PLT (×103 cells/μL) | 1083.8 ± 128.1 | 993.0 ± 48.8 | 1001.7 ± 44.8 | 999.4 ± 84.0 | 984.0 ± 106.1 |
NEUT (% of WBC) | 11.6 ± 3.5 | 11.4 ± 2.1 | 11.6 ± 3.9 | 15.2 ± 2.5 | 15.6 ± 5.5 |
LYM (% of WBC) | 84.0 ± 3.8 | 85.0 ± 2.1 | 83.4 ± 4.2 | 80.9 ± 2.8 | 80.0 ± 5.5 |
MONO (% of WBC) | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.3 |
EOS (% of WBC) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
BASO (% of WBC) | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
Retic (%) | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.5 |
Female | |||||
WBC (×103 cells/μL) | 5.1 ± 2.1 | 5.1 ± 1.6 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 4.7 ± 0.7 |
RBC (×106 cells/μL) | 6.2 ± 2.8 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 7.8 ± 0.3 | 7.9 ± 0.2 * | 7.4 ± 0.2 |
HGB (g/dL) | 14.7 ± 1.1 | 14.5 ± 0.5 | 14.9 ± 0.4 | 15.2 ± 0.8 | 14.3 ± 0.5 |
HCT (%) | 36.4 ± 16.6 | 43.8 ± 1.5 | 45.1 ± 1.7 | 45.9 ± 1.9 | 43.6 ± 1.6 |
MCV (fL) | 57.9 ± 1.0 | 57.9 ± 1.2 | 58.1 ± 0.9 | 57.9 ± 1.5 | 59.2 ± 1.4 |
MCH (pg) | 18.7 ± 2.2 | 19.2 ± 0.3 | 19.2 ± 0.6 | 19.2 ± 0.6 | 19.4 ± 0.4 |
MCHC (g/dL) | 32.2 ± 3.3 | 33.2 ± 0.6 | 33.0 ± 0.7 | 33.2 ± 0.7 | 32.8 ± 0.3 |
PLT (×103 cells/μL) | 1039.8 ± 89.8 | 1057.3 ± 149.4 | 1064.6 ± 98.3 | 1111.7 ± 40.4 | 1063.7 ± 75.0 |
NEUT (% of WBC) | 12.1 ± 5.2 | 12.9 ± 4.8 | 9.5 ± 1.9 | 9.7 ± 1.8 | 15.2 ± 2.8 |
LYM (% of WBC) | 83.6 ± 4.4 | 84.1 ± 5.0 | 85.4 ± 4.2 | 85.7 ± 2.5 | 75.9 ± 12.4 |
MONO (% of WBC) | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 1.0 |
EOS (% of WBC) | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.3 * | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
BASO (% of WBC) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
Retic (%) | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 1.0 |
Groups (mg/kg/day) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | 0 | 12.5 | 25 | 50 | 100 |
Male | |||||
ALT (U/L) | 43.0 ± 8.5 | 45.0 ± 13.0 | 47.6 ± 11.3 | 43.3 ± 9.5 | 52.3 ± 5.9 |
AST (U/L) | 109.2 ± 17.2 | 105.3 ± 20.1 | 98.7 ± 17.6 | 103.2 ± 21.8 | 104.4 ± 15.8 |
ALP (U/L) | 177.4 ± 40.4 | 205.4 ± 18.9 | 208.4 ± 22.9 | 215.7 ± 23.9 * | 186.6 ± 10.6 |
GGT (U/L) | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.5 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 15.5 ± 4.2 | 12.7 ± 3.0 | 12.8 ± 2.4 | 13.5 ± 4.2 | 15.0 ± 2.9 |
CREA (mg/dL) | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
TP (g/L) | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 6.0 ± 0.3 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 6.2 ± 0.4 |
ALB (g/dL) | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 |
T-CHO (mg/dL) | 87.0 ± 10.7 | 93.3 ± 20.0 | 105.3 ± 12.1 | 104.0 ± 16.8 | 117.1 ± 16.5 * |
GLU (mg/dL) | 132.0 ± 19.5 | 120.4 ± 17.6 | 118.6 ± 20.1 | 132.8 ± 15.5 | 78.7 ± 14.4 * |
TG (mmol/L) | 64.4 ± 18.0 | 64.9 ± 23.2 | 68.3 ± 22.9 | 65.3 ± 24.8 | 64.3 ± 20.7 |
T-BIL (mg/dL) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 |
D-BIL (mg/dL) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
LDH (U/L) | 968.2 ± 207.1 | 861.3 ± 387.3 | 645.9 ± 348.8 | 989.0 ± 262.4 | 912.0 ± 273.3 |
CK (U/L) | 454.0 ± 107.7 | 460.9 ± 207.0 | 374.1 ± 192.4 | 446.5 ± 243.0 | 390.3 ± 128.4 |
UA (mg/dL) | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.2 |
CA (mg/dL) | 9.5 ± 0.2 | 10.7 ± 1.5 | 10.0 ± 0.8 | 10.3 ± 1.2 | 11.0 ± 2.5 |
IP (mg/dL) | 8.9 ± 0.8 | 9.2 ± 0.9 | 8.4 ± 0.9 | 9.5 ± 1.5 | 9.8 ± 1.1 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 77.4 ± 7.9 | 78.7 ± 14.0 | 85.4 ± 7.9 | 85.3 ± 10.4 | 93.4 ± 10.5 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 19.8 ± 5.0 | 20.9 ± 6.6 | 26.9 ± 3.8 | 26.5 ± 5.3 | 27.6 ± 5.3 |
Female | |||||
ALT (U/L) | 39.6 ± 6.5 | 34.7 ± 9.9 | 32.7 ± 5.6 | 33.0 ± 6.5 | 41.5 ± 5.9 |
AST (U/L) | 107.0 ± 9.9 | 103.3 ± 13.6 | 101.3 ± 18.2 | 92.9 ± 17.0 | 83.7 ± 17.2 |
ALP (U/L) | 148.8 ± 32.9 | 147.4 ± 27.1 | 142.9 ± 53.0 | 107.4 ± 20.3 | 116.5 ± 21.0 |
GGT (U/L) | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 2.6 ± 0.5 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 11.8 ± 1.2 | 13.0 ± 3.2 | 12.8 ± 2.9 | 16.4 ± 1.6 * | 14.8 ± 4.1 |
CREA (mg/dL) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.6 |
TP (g/L) | 5.7 ± 0.2 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 6.8 ± 0.6 * |
ALB (g/dL) | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.1 |
T-CHO (mg/dL) | 79.4 ± 11.6 | 92.1 ± 21.5 | 86.6 ± 13.3 | 101.0 ± 22.7 | 163.2 ± 53.3 * |
GLU (mg/dL) | 110.6 ± 26.9 | 109.1 ± 15.1 | 118.9 ± 14.1 | 112.0 ± 10.0 | 86.0 ± 34.3 |
TG (mmol/L) | 29.4 ± 9.0 | 33.6 ± 6.6 | 33.0 ± 11.8 | 35.9 ± 14.0 | 49.6 ± 27.8 |
T-BIL (mg/dL) | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 |
D-BIL (mg/dL) | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
LDH (U/L) | 1492.0 ± 481.2 | 1488.1 ± 503.5 | 1379.7 ± 604.7 | 1598.4 ± 628.0 | 1403.6 ± 830.7 |
CK (U/L) | 375.0 ± 64.4 | 397.3 ± 61.3 | 394.6 ± 131.9 | 357.0 ± 119.1 | 326.7 ± 85.4 |
UA (mg/dL) | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.3 |
CA (mg/dL) | 9.0 ± 0.2 | 9.7 ± 1.2 | 9.7 ± 1.1 | 9.7 ± 1.2 | 10.7 ± 1.6 |
IP (mg/dL) | 7.3 ± 1.0 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 7.6 ± 0.9 | 8.3 ± 1.1 | 8.9 ± 3.1 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 71.6 ± 7.7 | 78.9 ± 16.5 | 76.0 ± 10.0 | 88.1 ± 15.8 | 136.2 ± 29.8 * |
LDL (mg/dL) | 13.2 ± 4.4 | 16.6 ± 3.8 | 16.3 ± 3.7 | 16.4 ± 6.9 | 31.8 ± 12.6 * |
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Jeong, D.; Shin, H.; Lee, J.; Yang, J.; Jung, K.; Jeong, J.; Won, H.; Oh, J. In Vivo Evaluation of the Oral Toxicity of the Chlorobutanol. Toxics 2022, 10, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010024
Jeong D, Shin H, Lee J, Yang J, Jung K, Jeong J, Won H, Oh J. In Vivo Evaluation of the Oral Toxicity of the Chlorobutanol. Toxics. 2022; 10(1):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010024
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeong, Dahye, Hyosook Shin, Jinhee Lee, Junyoung Yang, Kikyung Jung, Jayoung Jeong, Hansol Won, and Jaeho Oh. 2022. "In Vivo Evaluation of the Oral Toxicity of the Chlorobutanol" Toxics 10, no. 1: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010024