Toxics

18 pages, 3598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alpha-Lipoic Acid Alleviates Lead-Induced Testicular Damage in Roosters by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Modulating Key Pathways

by Jiahao Sun, Rahmani Mohammad Malyar, Nanwei Ye, Yueyue Wang, Quanwei Wei, Fangxiong Shi and Yansen Li

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050341 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: This study aimed to detect whether alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation could reduce lead (Pb)-induced testicular toxicity in roosters. (2) Methods: A total of 48 roosters, aged 20 weeks, were selected and randomly allocated to six treatment groups: basic diet (CON); CON [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This study aimed to detect whether alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation could reduce lead (Pb)-induced testicular toxicity in roosters. (2) Methods: A total of 48 roosters, aged 20 weeks, were selected and randomly allocated to six treatment groups: basic diet (CON); CON + 150 mg/kg (CH₃OO)₂Pb (LPB); CON + 300 mg/kg (CH₃OO)₂Pb (HPB); CON + 300 mg/kg ALA (ALA); LPB + 300 mg/kg ALA (ALP); and HPB + 300 mg/kg ALA (AHP). (3) Results: The testicular Pb content was obviously higher in the LPB and HPB groups than in the CON group, while ALA supplementation reduced the testicular Pb content (p < 0.05). Roosters showed a significant increase in serum testosterone, sperm viability, sperm concentration, and testicular score in the AHP group compared with the HPB group. Pb exposure caused a remarkable increase in sperm abnormality and testicular malondialdehyde level, which were down-regulated by ALA supplementation (p < 0.05). RNA sequencing identified 227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the HPB and CON groups and 220 DEGs between the HPB and AHP groups. (4) Conclusions: ALA supplementation mitigated Pb-induced testicular damage, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for Pb toxicity in birds and potentially other species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity)

17 pages, 1367 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

Occupational Exposure to Pesticides Among Farmworkers in Morocco: A Study Framework for Endocrine and Epigenetic Effect Assessment

by Kaoutar Chbihi, Aziza Menouni, Imane Berni, Hala Chetouani, Said Abou-Said, Amal Amellah, Robin Lebegge, Eline Verscheure, Jeroen Vanoirbeek, Radu-Corneliu Duca, Lode Godderis and Samir El Jaafari

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050340 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Pesticides are compounds of major use in agriculture worldwide. Nevertheless, many pesticide chemicals are classified as endocrine disruptors and potentially carcinogens. Farmers and farmworkers are particularly exposed and are at high risk of developing health-related impairments. In Morocco, the lack of awareness towards [...] Read more.

Pesticides are compounds of major use in agriculture worldwide. Nevertheless, many pesticide chemicals are classified as endocrine disruptors and potentially carcinogens. Farmers and farmworkers are particularly exposed and are at high risk of developing health-related impairments. In Morocco, the lack of awareness towards pesticide hazards and the inappropriate application of safety measures might increase the exposure as well as the risks of health concerns. In this paper, we present the framework of a study designed to assess pesticide exposure among Moroccan farmers and farmworkers and to evaluate potential health effects, namely endocrine and epigenetic impacts. Human biological monitoring will be conducted to determine pesticide levels in urine following the development and validation of sensitive chromatography methods (SPE, UPLC-MS/MS). Biomarkers of exposure include a set of parent and metabolite pesticide compounds (organophosphates, pyrethroids, triazines and urea-based pesticides). Thyroid and reproductive hormones (TSH, T₃, T₄, FSH and LH) as well as global and specific DNA methylation markers (5-mC, 5-hmC, N⁶-mA, THRB and LHR) are selected as biomarkers of effects. This provides guiding steps and methods to perform reliable exposure evaluation and health impact assessment. This study aims to expand the current knowledge on the endocrine and epigenetic risks related to pesticides, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hazardous Effects of Pesticides on Human Health—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Burden of Disease Attributed to Prenatal Methylmercury Exposure in the Yanomami Indigenous Land

by Ana Claudia Santiago de Vasconcellos, Raiane Fontes de Oliveira, Marcos Wesley Oliveira and Paulo Cesar Basta

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050339 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Yanomami Indigenous Land (YIL) is heavily impacted by illegal gold mining, leading to significant contamination by methylmercury, a neurotoxin that poses severe risks to human health. The fetal brain is particularly susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of methylmercury, which can result in [...] Read more.

The Yanomami Indigenous Land (YIL) is heavily impacted by illegal gold mining, leading to significant contamination by methylmercury, a neurotoxin that poses severe risks to human health. The fetal brain is particularly susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of methylmercury, which can result in mild mental retardation (MMR). The goal of this study was to estimate the burden of disease (BoD) associated with methylmercury exposure in the YIL and its economic implications. The BoD calculations followed World Health Organization (WHO) methodologies. To estimate the local BoD, hair samples were collected from women of childbearing age in the Waikás, Mucajaí, Paapiu, and Maturacá regions. For broader estimates, data from the scientific literature were used. The average hair methylmercury concentrations in these investigated regions were 6.21 µg/g, 3.86 µg/g, 3.53 µg/g, and 2.96 µg/g, respectively. The MMR incidence rate (IR) in children ranged from 2.08 to 4.47 per 1000 in these regions. The Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) per 1000 births varied from 24.8 to 53.4. In the Worst-Case Scenario, MMR-IR reached 9 per 1000, with DALYs per 1000 births rising to 109.6. The estimated economic impact of methylmercury exposure ranged from USD 716,750 to USD 3,153,700. This study is the first to quantify the MMR incidence due to mercury in the YIL, highlighting the severe threat posed by gold mining to the health and survival of the Yanomami people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollutants and Neurocognitive Disorders in Autochthones Populations Worldwide)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanosilver Environmental Safety in Marine Organisms: Ecotoxicological Assessment of a Commercial Nano-Enabled Product vs an Eco-Design Formulation

by Arianna Bellingeri, Analía Ale, Tatiana Rusconi, Mattia Scattoni, Sofia Lemaire, Giuseppe Protano, Iole Venditti and Ilaria Corsi

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050338 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

With the increasing use of manufactured nanomaterials in consumer products, especially silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), concerns about their environmental impact are rising. Two AgNP formulations were tested, the commercial nanosilver product nanArgen™ and a newly eco-designed bifunctionalized nanosilver (AgNPcitLcys), using marine organisms across three [...] Read more.

With the increasing use of manufactured nanomaterials in consumer products, especially silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), concerns about their environmental impact are rising. Two AgNP formulations were tested, the commercial nanosilver product nanArgen™ and a newly eco-designed bifunctionalized nanosilver (AgNPcitLcys), using marine organisms across three trophic levels, microalgae, microcrustaceans, and bivalves. Acute toxicity was assessed on the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, brine shrimp larvae Artemia franciscana, and bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. The behavior of the formulations in marine media, including stability across a concentration range (0.001–100 mg/L), was also evaluated. Results showed that nanArgen™ was less stable compared to AgNpcitLcys, releasing more silver ions and exhibiting higher toxicity to microalgae (100% growth inhibition at 1 mg/L) and microcrustaceans (>80% mortality at 10 mg/L). Conversely, AgNPcitLcys (10 µg/L) was more toxic to bivalves, possibly due to the smaller nanoparticle size affecting lysosomal membrane stability. This study highlights how eco-design, such as surface coating, influences AgNP behavior and toxicity. These findings emphasize the importance of eco-design in minimizing environmental impacts and guiding the development of safer, more sustainable nanomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioaccumulation, Biotransformation and Oxidative Stress of 6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonamidoalkyl Betaine (6:2 FTAB) in Earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

by Xinlei Zhang, Mengyao Fang, Zhiyuan Bai, Yulu Zong, Shuyan Zhao and Jingjing Zhan

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050337 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

As a novel perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) alternative, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6: 2 FTAB) has been detected in the environment and biotas. However, its behaviors and toxicity in earthworms remain unclear. Here, earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to 6:2 FTAB to [...] Read more.

As a novel perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) alternative, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6: 2 FTAB) has been detected in the environment and biotas. However, its behaviors and toxicity in earthworms remain unclear. Here, earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to 6:2 FTAB to investigate its bioaccumulation, biotransformation and toxicity. Results indicated that 6:2 FTAB could be biodegraded in soil into perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA). The uptake rate constant (k_u) and the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of 6:2 FTAB in earthworms were 0.0504 g_oc g_ww⁻¹ d and 1.65 g_oc g_ww⁻¹, respectively. 6:2 FTAB was biotransformed to form PFHxA, PFPeA, PFBA and PFPrA in earthworms after in vivo and in vitro exposure. The aerobic bacteria isolated from worm gut could degrade 6:2 FTAB to form PFPeA and PFHxA, while the anaerobic bacteria did not contribute to 6:2 FTAB biodegradation in worms. Peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly increased, while no significant changes were observed for catalase (CAT) activities, demonstrating activation of the primary antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress in earthworms after exposure to 6:2 FTAB. The significant increase of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities suggested indirect evidence on the conjugation of 6:2 FTAB or its metabolites in phase II of detoxication. This study provides important information on the fate of 6:2 FTAB in earthworms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exposure and Toxicity of Emerging Organic Pollutants in Environment and Human)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on Oxidative Stress, Blood Biochemistry, and Digestive Enzyme Activity in Goldfish (Carassius auratus)

by Sasan Azarm-Karnagh, Masoud Sattari, Mahdi Banaee, Behzad Shirkavand Hadavand and Francesca Falco

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050336 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems has become a global concern, and nanoplastics, due to their small size and high penetration potential, pose significant risks to aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on oxidative stress biomarkers, blood [...] Read more.

Plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems has become a global concern, and nanoplastics, due to their small size and high penetration potential, pose significant risks to aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on oxidative stress biomarkers, blood biochemical parameters, and digestive enzyme activities in Goldfish (Carassius auratus). The experiment was conducted over 21 days, exposing fish to four different dietary concentrations of PS-NPs (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/Kg). The results showed that chronic exposure to 50 nm PS-NPs significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, and GPx) and MDA activity in the gill, kidney, and liver tissues, indicating the induction of oxidative stress. Furthermore, notable alterations were observed in blood biochemical enzymes (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]), suggesting cellular damage and physiological disturbances. Additionally, PS-NP exposure affected the activity of digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease), which may impact nutrient digestion and absorption. These findings highlight that PS-NPs can adversely affect aquatic animal health and may influence the nutritional quality of fish. Therefore, further research is necessary to assess the long-term ecological and toxicological impacts of nanoplastics in freshwater ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Pollutants on Aquatic Ecosystems and Food Safety)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contamination Level, Distribution, and Inventory of Dechlorane Plus (DP) in the Surface Soil of Shenyang City, China

by Hui Wang, Siyi Yu, Tony R. Walker, Hao Wu, Xiaoxu Wang, Yueli Yang and Yinggang Wang

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050335 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Dechlorane Plus (DP), an emerging type of persistent organic pollutant (POP), poses potential harmful effects on plants, animals, and humans alike, garnering increasing attention. Urban surface soil is easily accessible to urban residents, and its environmental conditions have a more significant impact on [...] Read more.

Dechlorane Plus (DP), an emerging type of persistent organic pollutant (POP), poses potential harmful effects on plants, animals, and humans alike, garnering increasing attention. Urban surface soil is easily accessible to urban residents, and its environmental conditions have a more significant impact on urban residents. However, there are few studies on related DP contamination. In this study, the contamination of DP in surface soil from Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China, was investigated. Soil samples were collected from 33 different locations in May and June 2023. The total DP (∑DP), anti-DP, and syn-DP were determined by gas chromatography and ranged from not detected (ND) to 77.80 ng/g, from ND to 61.50 ng/g, and from ND to 16.30 ng/g, respectively. The mean values were 33.60 ± 18.93 ng/g, 27.01 ± 14.32 ng/g, and 8.57 ± 4.55 ng/g. The findings indicate that anti-DP is more readily detectable than syn-DP, attributable to the lower proportion of syn-DP in the overall DP production and the distinct physicochemical properties of DP isomers. The fsyn [syn-DP/(anti-DP + syn-DP)] is 0.14–0.40, with a mean value of 0.22. This aligns closely with the values observed in commercial DP formulations, suggesting that the primary sources are derived from commercial DP products. Contour maps show that DP concentrations are influenced by urban land use and DP production. Based on the Tyson polygon method, the DP inventory was calculated at approximately 1.18 tons, with the unit area load exceeding previously reported values. The results also show that the health risks of DP are minimal, but children are more susceptible to the impacts of DP than adults, and oral ingestion is a more critical exposure pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Bioremediation: New Approaches to Organic Pollutant Clean-Up)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 8217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Air Quality Shifts in China: Application of Additive Model and Transfer Learning to Major Cities

by Yuchen Ji, Xiaonan Zhang and Yueqian Cao

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050334 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

The impact of reduced human activity on air quality in seven major Chinese cities was investigated by utilizing datasets of air pollutants and meteorological conditions from 2016 to 2021. A Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was developed to predict air quality during reduced-activity periods [...] Read more.

The impact of reduced human activity on air quality in seven major Chinese cities was investigated by utilizing datasets of air pollutants and meteorological conditions from 2016 to 2021. A Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was developed to predict air quality during reduced-activity periods and rigorously validated against ground station measurements, achieving an R² of 0.85–0.93. Predictions were compared to the observed pollutant reductions (e.g., NO₂ declined by 34% in 2020 vs. 2019), confirming model reliability. Transfer learning further refined the accuracy, reducing RMSE by 32–44% across pollutants when benchmarked against real-world data. Notable NO₂ declines were observed in Beijing (42%), Changchun (38%), and Wuhan (36%), primarily due to decreased vehicular traffic and industrial activity. Despite occasional anomalies caused by localized events such as fireworks (Beijing, February 2020) and agricultural burning (Changchun, April 2020), our findings highlight the strong influence of human activity reductions on urban air quality. These results offer valuable insights for designing long-term pollution mitigation strategies and urban air quality policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution and Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

50 pages, 2373 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety

by Magdalena Mititelu, Sorinel Marius Neacșu, Ștefan Sebastian Busnatu, Alexandru Scafa-Udriște, Octavian Andronic, Andreea-Elena Lăcraru, Corina-Bianca Ioniță-Mîndrican, Dumitru Lupuliasa, Carolina Negrei and Gabriel Olteanu

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050333 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Ensuring food security is essential for achieving sustainable global development, requiring a balance between sufficient food production and maintaining its safety and nutritional value. However, this objective faces considerable challenges due to the infiltration of toxic metal species into the food supply. Heavy [...] Read more.

Ensuring food security is essential for achieving sustainable global development, requiring a balance between sufficient food production and maintaining its safety and nutritional value. However, this objective faces considerable challenges due to the infiltration of toxic metal species into the food supply. Heavy metals and metalloids, depending on their molecular form and daily dose, exhibit varying degrees of toxicity, making the precise identification of their species essential for assessing their impact on human health and the environment. This study focuses on identifying the primary anthropogenic sources and dissemination pathways of heavy metal pollutants, with an emphasis on their speciation and bioavailability. It examines how toxic metal species, such as Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, and various arsenic species (AsIII and AsV), infiltrate ecosystems, bioaccumulate within the food chain, and ultimately compromise food safety and nutritional value. Furthermore, the research explores the physiological and biochemical disruptions caused by these toxic metal species, including the displacement of essential ions from enzymatic active sites and transport proteins due to competitive binding by pollutants, oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species generation, and cellular dysfunction affecting metabolic pathways and signaling cascades, all of which contribute to both chronic and acute health conditions. By providing a detailed analysis of exposure routes and toxicological processes, this paper highlights the far-reaching consequences of heavy metal contamination on public health and agricultural sustainability. Special attention is given to the need for precise terminology, as the toxicity of metals is inherently linked to their daily dose and chemical species rather than their elemental form. Finally, this study advocates for integrated, multidisciplinary strategies aimed at mitigating these risks, enhancing ecosystem stability, and ensuring long-term food security in the face of environmental challenges. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 6109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitophagy Protects Against Cisplatin-Induced Injury in Granulosa Cells

by Sihui Zhu, Mingge Tang, Jiahua Chen, Shuhang Li and Rufeng Xue

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050332 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Cisplatin, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, is known to induce premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and infertility in women of reproductive age. Among the contributing factors, cisplatin-induced apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells is considered a primary driver of ovarian dysfunction; however, the underlying mechanisms [...] Read more.

Cisplatin, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, is known to induce premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and infertility in women of reproductive age. Among the contributing factors, cisplatin-induced apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells is considered a primary driver of ovarian dysfunction; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of cisplatin on the granulosa cell line KGN in vitro and explored the associated mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that cisplatin induces KGN cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and impairs mitochondrial function, as evidenced by excessive ROS production, membrane potential collapse, and reduced ATP synthesis. Mitophagy, a key cellular self-protection mechanism that selectively removes damaged mitochondria, was activated following cisplatin treatment, mitigating its detrimental effects on KGN cells. Activation of mitophagy with urolithin A (UA) ameliorated cisplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, whereas inhibition of mitophagy with cyclosporine A (CsA) exacerbated these effects. Furthermore, pretreatment with the clinical drug melatonin significantly enhanced mitophagy, effectively attenuating cisplatin-induced apoptosis in KGN cells. This study proposes a novel therapeutic strategy for patients undergoing tumor chemotherapy, aiming to preserve treatment efficacy while reducing the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents on ovarian function, thereby improving patients’ quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drugs Toxicity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bisphenol A Exposure Induces Small Intestine Damage Through Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Microbiota Alteration in Rats

by Kai Wang, Juan Tang, Dan Shen, Yansen Li, Kentaro Nagaoka and Chunmei Li

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050331 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA), a widespread environmental contaminant used in plastics and resins, poses significant health risks due to its endocrine-disrupting properties and potential for inducing intestinal toxicity. This study explored the toxicological effects of BPA on the small intestine of rats, focusing on [...] Read more.

Bisphenol A (BPA), a widespread environmental contaminant used in plastics and resins, poses significant health risks due to its endocrine-disrupting properties and potential for inducing intestinal toxicity. This study explored the toxicological effects of BPA on the small intestine of rats, focusing on the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Histopathological evaluation revealed that the duodenum experienced the most severe structural damage, including villous atrophy, epithelial shedding, and mitochondrial degeneration. BPA exposure disrupted oxidative stress homeostasis by reducing superoxide dismutase activity and increasing malondialdehyde levels, along with upregulating antioxidant-related genes like GPX2 and HO-1 upregulated, indicating lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage. Inflammatory markers such as IL-1 and NFκB were significantly upregulated, highlighting an active inflammatory response and epithelial cell apoptosis. BPA also altered lipid metabolism, with increased expression of lipogenic genes such as SREBP-1c and FAS, indicating metabolic dysregulation. Fecal microbiota analysis revealed reduced α-diversity, enrichment of pathogenic taxa like Escherichia-Shigella, and depletion of beneficial genera such as Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, exacerbating gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction. These findings suggest that BPA-induced small intestinal damage is driven by oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis, with the duodenum and jejunum being the more vulnerable segments. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evidence for Coordinated Control of PM_2.5 and O₃: Long-Term Observational Study in a Typical City of Central Plains Urban Agglomeration

by Chenhui Jia, Guangxuan Yan, Xinyi Yu, Xue Li, Jing Xue, Yanan Wang and Zhiguo Cao

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050330 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and Ozone (O₃) pollution have emerged as the primary environmental challenges in China in recent years. Following the implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, a substantial decline in PM_2.5 concentrations [...] Read more.

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and Ozone (O₃) pollution have emerged as the primary environmental challenges in China in recent years. Following the implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, a substantial decline in PM_2.5 concentrations was observed, while O₃ concentrations exhibited an increasing trend across the country. Here, we investigated the long-term trend of O₃ from 2015 to 2022 in Xinxiang City, a typical city within the Central Plains urban agglomeration. Our findings indicate that the hourly average O₃ increased by 3.41 μg m⁻³ yr⁻¹, with the trend characterized by two distinct phases (Phase I, 2015–2018; Phase II, 2019–2022). Interestingly, the increasing rate of O₃ concentration in Phase I (7.89 μg m⁻³) was notably higher than that in Phase II (2.89 μg m⁻³). The Random Forest (RF) model was employed to identify the key factors influencing O₃ concentrations during the two phases. The significant dropping of PM_2.5 in Phase I could be responsible for the O₃ increase. In Phase II, the reductions in nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and unfavorable meteorological conditions were the major drivers of the continued increase in O₃. The Observation-Based Model (OBM) was developed to further explore the role of PM_2.5 in O₃ formation. Our results suggest that PM_2.5 can influence O₃ concentrations and the chemical sensitivity regime through heterogeneous reactions and changes in photolysis rates. In addition, the relatively high concentration of PM_2.5 in Xinxiang City in recent years underscores its significant role in O₃ formation. Future efforts should focus on the joint control of PM_2.5 and O₃ to improve air quality in the Central Plains urban agglomeration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Emissions Characteristics and Its Impact on Human Health)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 4911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TD-ESI-MS/MS for High-Throughput Screening of 13 Common Drugs and 4 Etomidate Analogs in Hair: Method Validation and Forensic Applications

by Meng Li, Jinbo Li and Binling Zhu

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050329 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study established a dual analytical workflow integrating thermal desorption–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (TD-ESI-MS/MS) for rapid qualitative screening and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for confirmatory quantification of 17 psychoactive substances and metabolites across six classes (opioids, amphetamine-type stimulants, cocaine, ketamine-type drugs, [...] Read more.

This study established a dual analytical workflow integrating thermal desorption–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (TD-ESI-MS/MS) for rapid qualitative screening and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for confirmatory quantification of 17 psychoactive substances and metabolites across six classes (opioids, amphetamine-type stimulants, cocaine, ketamine-type drugs, cannabinoids, and etomidate analogs) in hair matrices. Validation of the TD-ESI-MS/MS method demonstrated its sensitivity (limits of detection: 0.1–0.2 ng/mg) and precision (<19.3%), with matrix effects controlled to <19.6%. The TD-ESI-MS/MS method achieved an analysis time of 1 min per sample, enabling high-throughput screening with a sensitivity >85.7% and a specificity >89.7% for the 17 analytes. UPLC-MS/MS confirmation validated the screening results with accuracy rates of 89.7–99.8%. An analysis of specimens confirmed positive identified etomidate analogs as the predominant psychoactive substances (73.6%), with a lower prevalence of amphetamine-type stimulants (12.5%), ketamine-type drugs (9.0%), and opioids (2.8%). The polydrug use patterns identified concurrent etomidate–amphetamine consumption (n = 5) and complex analog combinations (etomidate–isopropoxate–metomidate, n = 13), suggesting evolving abuse trends. Despite limitations in the temporal resolution and representativeness of the cohort, this study demonstrated the viability of TD-ESI-MS/MS for bridging forensic and public health priorities. Future work should focus on optimizing the durability of the ion source for TD-ESI and validating this method across diverse populations to enhance its generalizability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Issues and Research Perspectives in Forensic Toxicology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Volatile Organic Compounds and Circadian Syndrome Among Pre- and Postmenopausal Women

by Xiaoya Sun, Zhenao Zhang, Jingyi Ren, Huanting Pei, Jie Liu, Bowen Yin, Chongyue Zhang, Rui Wen, Simeng Qiao, Ziyi Wang and Yuxia Ma

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050328 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Air pollution is closely associated with the development of multiple metabolic diseases. Circadian syndrome (CircS), as an extended concept of metabolic syndrome (MetS), has been proven to be a better predictor of metabolic diseases than MetS. However, the relationship between volatile organic compounds [...] Read more.

Air pollution is closely associated with the development of multiple metabolic diseases. Circadian syndrome (CircS), as an extended concept of metabolic syndrome (MetS), has been proven to be a better predictor of metabolic diseases than MetS. However, the relationship between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CircS in pre- and postmenopausal women remains unclear. This study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2020, including 520 premenopausal women and 531 postmenopausal women. Generalized linear model (GLM), restricted cubic spline (RCS) model, subgroup analyses, and weighted quantile sum (WQS) model were used to assess the relationship between VOCs and CircS. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the results. Our findings showed that seven VOC metabolites were positively associated with the risk of CircS in postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, only two VOC metabolites were positively associated with the risk of CircS. The WQS analysis further confirmed that VOC mixtures selected by a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) were significantly associated with an increased risk of CircS in postmenopausal women, with HPMMA identified as the primary contributor to the combined effect. This association was not evident in premenopausal women. Meanwhile, in postmenopausal women, individual urinary VOC metabolites and VOC mixtures were observed to be positively associated with elevated glucose and short sleep. Our results highlighted that VOC exposure was strongly associated with the occurrence of CircS in postmenopausal women. Further research is needed to confirm this conclusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to Emerging Contaminants)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Prediction of Hourly PM_2.5 Concentrations with a Long Short-Term Memory Optimized by Stacking Ensemble Learning and Ant Colony Optimization

by Zuhan Liu and Xianping Hong

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050327 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

To address the performance degradation in existing PM_2.5 prediction models caused by excessive complexity, poor spatiotemporal efficiency, and suboptimal parameter optimization, we employ stacking ensemble learning for feature weighting analysis and integrate the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm for model parameter optimization. [...] Read more.

To address the performance degradation in existing PM_2.5 prediction models caused by excessive complexity, poor spatiotemporal efficiency, and suboptimal parameter optimization, we employ stacking ensemble learning for feature weighting analysis and integrate the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm for model parameter optimization. Combining meteorological and collaborative pollutant data, a model (namely the stacking-ACO-LSTM model) with a much shorter consuming time than that of only long short-term memory (LSTM) networks suitable for PM_2.5 concentration prediction is established. It can effectively filter out feature variables with higher weights, thereby reducing the predictive power of the model. The prediction of hourly PM_2.5 concentration of the model is trained and tested using real-time monitoring data in Nanchang City from 2017 to 2019. The results show that the established stacking-ACO-LSTM model has high accuracy in predicting PM_2.5 concentration, and compared to the same model without considering time and space efficiency and defective parameter optimization, the mean square error (MSE) decreases by about 99.88%, and the coefficient of determination (R²) increases by about 2.39%. This study provides a new idea for predicting PM_2.5 concentration in cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution of Atmospheric Composition and Its Impact on Human Health and Ecosystem)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 159 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Skin Sensitization Testing Using New Approach Methodologies

by Judy Strickland

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050326 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

Chemical regulatory authorities require skin sensitization information for a number of chemical sectors, such as cosmetics, pesticides, newly marketed chemicals, household products, and topical pharmaceuticals [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin Sensitization Testing Using New Approach Methodologies)

25 pages, 2253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Nutrition and Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) on Inflammatory Responses in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome: A Paired Case Study from Chiang Mai, Thailand

by Wason Parklak, Hataichanok Chuljerm, Sawaeng Kawichai, Puriwat Fakfum, Putita Jiraya, Praporn Kijkuokool, Wiritphon Khiaolaongam, Pakaphorn Ngamsang, Sakaewan Ounjaijean, Kittipan Rerkasem and Kanokwan Kulprachakarn

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050325 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is linked to increased systemic inflammation, particularly in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MS). This study assessed the impact of nutrition and PM2.5 exposure on inflammatory markers in individuals with MS. A total of 50 participants (25 with [...] Read more.

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is linked to increased systemic inflammation, particularly in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MS). This study assessed the impact of nutrition and PM2.5 exposure on inflammatory markers in individuals with MS. A total of 50 participants (25 with MS, 25 healthy controls) were monitored during a high-PM2.5 exposure period (HEP) and a low-PM2.5 exposure period (LEP). Dietary intake, health assessments, and inflammatory markers—TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP—were evaluated. The MS group had significantly higher BMI, fasting blood glucose, and triglyceride levels and lower HDL-C than the healthy group (p < 0.01), but these parameters did not change significantly between the HEP and LEP. Notably, dietary fiber intake increased in the MS group during the LEP (p < 0.05). CRP levels were higher in the MS group and significantly decreased in both groups during the LEP (p < 0.05). IL-6 was higher in the MS group during the HEP but did not significantly change across periods. TNF-α showed no differences. Dietary fiber intake was inversely correlated with IL-6 and CRP in the healthy group and strongly correlated with CRP in the MS group (r = −0.403, p < 0.01). Antioxidant vitamins were inversely correlated with inflammation only in healthy participants. These findings suggest that an increased dietary fiber intake may help reduce PM2.5-induced inflammation, particularly in individuals with MS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress from Environmental and Occupational Exposure: Implications for Health Risk Assessment)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 3359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Zirconia Nanoparticles Using Sonchus asper Extract: A Sustainable Approach to Enhancing Chinese Cabbage Growth and Remediating Chromium-Contaminated Soil

by Guojie Weng, Weidong Li, Fengyue Qin, Menglu Dong, Shuangqi Yue, Sajid Mehmood and Xu Wang

Toxics 2025, 13(5), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050324 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

Chromium (Cr) contamination poses severe risks to plant health and soil quality, requiring sustainable remediation methods. This study explored the synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles (PF-ZrO₂ NPs) from Sonchus asper extract and assessed their potential to alleviate Cr toxicity in Chinese cabbage ( [...] Read more.

Chromium (Cr) contamination poses severe risks to plant health and soil quality, requiring sustainable remediation methods. This study explored the synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles (PF-ZrO₂ NPs) from Sonchus asper extract and assessed their potential to alleviate Cr toxicity in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis). The characterization of nanoparticles was performed through XRD, SEM, and FTIR analyses, confirming their crystalline nature, structure, and surface chemistry. The results indicated significant declines in plant growth, chlorophyll content, biomass, and nutrient uptake under Cr stress (treatments T2 and T4), accompanied by elevated oxidative stress indicators (H₂O₂, MDA) and Cr accumulation. The application of PF-ZrO₂ NPs (T3 and T5) notably reduced shoot Cr concentrations (by 58.94% and 35.90%) and improved the chlorophyll level (by 5.41% and 14.41%). Additionally, nanoparticles increased antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, POD, CAT) and improved soil properties (pH, cation exchange capacity, nutrient retention). These findings suggest green-synthesized PF-ZrO₂ NPs are effective, environmentally friendly candidates for Cr remediation in contaminated soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Remediation of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 1878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to the Impairment of Steroid Hormones, Sperm Characteristics, and Testicular Architecture in Male Rabbits After Chronic Exposure to Cadmium: Role of Gallic Acid and Selenium as Antioxidants

by Salah A. Sheweita, Saleh M. Al-Qahtani, Rofida M. Ahmed, Mohamed S. Sheweita and Ahmed Atta

Toxics 2025, 13(4), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13040323 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

One hazardous material that occurs naturally in the environment and induces oxidative stress is cadmium (Cd). Epidemiological data revealed that exposure to cadmium in the workplace and environment might be linked to many illnesses and serious testicular injuries. Aims: It is taught that [...] Read more.

One hazardous material that occurs naturally in the environment and induces oxidative stress is cadmium (Cd). Epidemiological data revealed that exposure to cadmium in the workplace and environment might be linked to many illnesses and serious testicular injuries. Aims: It is taught that antioxidants can protect different organs against environmental toxic compounds. Therefore, the current investigation aims to show the role of antioxidants (gallic acid and selenium) in the protection against cadmium toxicity, including the architecture of the testes, semen properties, steroid hormones, protein expression of cytochrome P450 [CYP 19 and 11A1] contributing to the production of steroid hormones, and antioxidant enzyme activities, in male rabbits. Methods: Male rabbits were given cadmium orally three times/week [1 mg/kg BW] for twelve weeks. In addition, gallic acid (20 mg/kg) or selenium (1 mg/kg BW) was administered two hours before cadmium treatment. This investigation included a spectrophotometer, histopathology, and Western immunoblotting techniques. Results: Cadmium treatment significantly reduced sperm counts, testosterone, and estrogen levels after four, eight, and twelve weeks of treatment. In addition, after a 12-week treatment of rabbits with cadmium, the activity of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase, as well as the glutathione levels, were inhibited in the testes tissue. On the other hand, following cadmium treatment, rabbit’s testes showed a discernible increase in free radical levels. Interestingly, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and level of free radicals were recovered in rabbits treated with gallic acid or selenium before cadmium treatment. In addition, after 12 weeks of cadmium treatment, the steroidogenic protein expressions of CYP 11A1 and CYP 19 were upregulated and downregulated in the testes, respectively. Interestingly, after pretreatment of rabbits with either gallic acid or selenium for two hours before cadmium administration, the downregulated CYP11A1 was restored to normal levels. In the histopathological investigation, immature spermatozoids and sloughed spermatogonium cells were observed in cadmium-treated rabbits’ testes. On the other hand, pretreatments of rabbits with gallic acid or selenium mitigated and alleviated the adverse effects of cadmium on testes architecture and increased the production of healthy sperm. Conclusions: The lower levels of steroid hormones could be due to the downregulation of CYP11A1, inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the induction of free radical levels. Furthermore, the pretreatment of rabbits with gallic acid or selenium mitigated the adverse effects of cadmium on the tissue architecture of testes and steroid hormone levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmful Substances and Safety Evaluation of Herbal Medicines)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Toxics

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI