Soil and Freshwater Bioassays to Assess Ecotoxicological Impact on Soils Affected by Mining Activities in the Iberian Pyrite Belt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Design
2.3. Geochemical Analysis
2.4. Mineralogical Analysis
2.5. Soil Sample Leaching Procedure
2.6. Bioassays
2.6.1. Acute Immobilization Test with Daphnia Magna
2.6.2. Freshwater Algae, Growth Rate Inhibition Test with Raphidocelis Subcapitata
2.6.3. Earthworm Mortality Test
2.6.4. Cytotoxicity Study Viability Assay
2.7. Ecotoxicological Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Geochemical Analysis
3.2. Ecotoxicological Assays
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | LOS 06 | LOS 07 | LOS 09 | LOS 10 | LOS 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al2O3 (%wt) | 21.9 | 18.7 | 25.2 | 23.4 | 24.1 |
SiO2 (%wt) | 53.8 | 63.4 | 54.1 | 54.2 | 51.2 |
P2O5 (%wt) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
SO3 (%wt) | 3.3 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 6.0 |
Cl (%wt) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
K2O (%wt) | 5.3 | 4.3 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 4.9 |
Ti (%wt) | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
Fe2O3 (%wt) | 13.2 | 8.7 | 12.2 | 13.2 | 9.6 |
CaO (%wt) | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.5 |
V (mg kg−1) | 184 | 123 | 199 | 207 | 187 |
Cr (mg kg−1) | 137 | 81 | 145 | 134 | 120 |
Mn (mg kg−1) | 389 | 552 | 507 | 353 | 528 |
Co (mg kg−1) | 812 | 581 | 714 | 769 | 590 |
Ni (mg kg−1) | 68 | 55 | 72 | 61 | 71 |
Cu (mg kg−1) | 1320 | 365 | 318 | 512 | 432 |
Zn (mg kg−1) | 546 | 163 | 308 | 367 | 539 |
Ga (mg kg−1) | 27 | 30 | 34 | 36 | 30 |
As (mg kg−1) | 530 | 421 | 312 | 430 | 254 |
Rb (mg kg−1) | 285 | 210 | 230 | 257 | 231 |
Sr (mg kg−1) | 145 | 148 | 121 | 121 | 156 |
Y (mg kg−1) | 46 | 50 | 31 | 42 | 54 |
Zr (mg kg−1) | 504 | 442 | 294 | 441 | 421 |
Nb (mg kg−1) | 26 | 27 | 19 | 25 | 21 |
Sn (mg kg−1) | 77 | 54 | 65 | 78 | 67 |
Te (mg kg−1) | 30 | 35 | 37 | 36 | 30 |
Ba (mg kg−1) | 396 | 253 | 331 | 409 | 336 |
Pb (mg kg−1) | 591 | 61 | 105 | 140 | 167 |
Eu (mg kg−1) | 120 | 66 | 55 | 105 | 68 |
Yb (mg kg−1) | 64 | 47 | 42 | 59 | 45 |
Qtz | Msc | Ill | Chl | Mnt | Fsp | Gt | Jar | Alu | Gyp | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LOS 6 | 49 | 35 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 1 | |||
LOS 7 | 60 | 30 | 8 | 2 | ||||||
LOS 9 | 38 | 32 | 9 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 1 | |||
LOS 10 | 26 | 33 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 4 | 1 | ||
LOS 13 | 30 | 32 | 8 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 12 |
PHE | Soil Sample Sites | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LOS06 | LOS07 | LOS09 | LOS10 | LOS13 | |
As (mg/L) | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.01 |
Zn (mg/L) | 152.2 | 16.2 | 80.4 | 113.3 | 144.3 |
Cu (mg/L) | 99.6 | 0.1 | 22.6 | 31.3 | 27.7 |
Aqueous Extracts Toxicity Tests | Sample Sites | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LOS 06 | LOS 07 | LOS 09 | LOS 10 | LOS 13 | ||
D. magna immobilization | 48 h EC50 | 0.66 (0.61–0.70) | NT | 1.0 (0.56–1.8) | 0.34 (0.30–0.39) | 0.5 (0.42–0.76) |
TU * | 152 | <1 | 99 | 290 | 179 | |
Hazard Class [27] | V | I | IV | V | V | |
R.D. 9/2005 classification ** | C | NC | C | C | C | |
R. subcapitata Inhibition growth | 72 h ErC50 | 3.02 (2.1–5.5) | NT | 11.6 (5.8–37.3) | 1.3 (1–1.8) | 0.1 (0.05–0.2) |
TU * | 33.1 | <1 | 8.6 | 78.1 | 1000 | |
Hazard Class [27] | IV | I | III | IV | V | |
R.D. 9/2005 classification ** | NC | NC | NC | NC | C | |
Whole soil toxicity test | ||||||
E. foetida mortality | 14 d EC50 | 37.5 (NOEC: 25%) | 33.9 (NOEC: 25%) | >50 (NOEC: 25%) | 37.5 (NOEC: 25%) | > 50 (NOEC: 50%) |
TU * | 2.7 | 2.9 | <2 | 2.7 | <2 | |
Hazard Class [27] | III | III | II | III | II | |
R.D. 9/2005 classification ** | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC |
Trace Element | Bioassay | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
D. magna (48 h EC50) | R. subcapitata (72 h ErC50) | E. foetida (14 d EC50) | HaCaT (24 h IC50) | |
Zn | 0.82 [32] | 0.1 [32] | NOEC: 100 [33] | 35.6 [34] (A549 cells) 33.5 [34] (HEK cells |
Cu | 0.21–0.44 [35] | 0.03–0.82 [36] | 8.4 [37] | NOEC: 580 µM [38] (36.9 mg/L) |
As | 25.2 [37] | 1.5 [37] | 413 [37] | 4.8 µM [39] (0.36 mg/L) |
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Andreu-Sánchez, Ó.; García-Lorenzo, M.L.; Esbrí, J.M.; Sánchez-Donoso, R.; Iglesias-Martínez, M.; Arroyo, X.; Crespo-Feo, E.; Ruiz-Costa, N.; Roca-Pérez, L.; Castiñeiras, P. Soil and Freshwater Bioassays to Assess Ecotoxicological Impact on Soils Affected by Mining Activities in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Toxics 2022, 10, 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070353
Andreu-Sánchez Ó, García-Lorenzo ML, Esbrí JM, Sánchez-Donoso R, Iglesias-Martínez M, Arroyo X, Crespo-Feo E, Ruiz-Costa N, Roca-Pérez L, Castiñeiras P. Soil and Freshwater Bioassays to Assess Ecotoxicological Impact on Soils Affected by Mining Activities in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Toxics. 2022; 10(7):353. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070353
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreu-Sánchez, Óscar, Mari Luz García-Lorenzo, José María Esbrí, Ramón Sánchez-Donoso, Mario Iglesias-Martínez, Xabier Arroyo, Elena Crespo-Feo, Nuria Ruiz-Costa, Luis Roca-Pérez, and Pedro Castiñeiras. 2022. "Soil and Freshwater Bioassays to Assess Ecotoxicological Impact on Soils Affected by Mining Activities in the Iberian Pyrite Belt" Toxics 10, no. 7: 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070353