Health Outcomes in Children Associated with Prenatal and Early-Life Exposures to Air Pollution: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes
3.2. Respiratory and Allergic Outcomes
3.3. Neuropsychological Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Health Outcome | Population Age | AP Exposure | Exposure Time Window | Association | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrauterine growth restriction | Newborn | PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3 | Prenatal | ↓ Birth weight | [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40] |
Newborn | PM constituents | Prenatal | ↓ Birth weight | [12,13,49,50] | |
Newborn | TRAP | Prenatal | ↓ Birth weight | [12,38,41] | |
Newborn | Wildfire smoke | Prenatal | ↓ Birth weight | [60,61,62] | |
Newborn | NO2 | Prenatal | No association with birth weight | [59] | |
Newborn | PM1, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3 | Prenatal | ↓ Fetal ultrasound measurements | [22,51,52,53,54,55] | |
Macrosomia | Newborn | PM2.5, PM10, SO2, O3 | Prenatal | ↑ Birth weight | [44,66] |
Newborn | Wildfire proximity | Prenatal | ↑ Birth weight | [63] | |
Preterm birth | Newborn | PM2.5, PM10, O3, NOx | Prenatal | ↑ Odds of preterm birth | [16,18,25,34,56,57] |
Newborn | TRAP | Prenatal | ↑ Odds of preterm birth | [58] | |
Newborn | Wildfire smoke PM2.5 | Prenatal | ↑ Odds of preterm birth | [60] | |
Newborn | NO2 | Prenatal | No association with preterm birth | [59] | |
Deviant growth trajectory | 0–6 years | PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3, SO2, CO2, CO | Prenatal | ↑ or ↓ Anthropomorphic measures | [40,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71] |
0–12 months | CO, PM2.5 | Postnatal | ↓ Anthropomorphic measures | [70] | |
Obesity and metabolic disorder | 0–12 months | PM, NO2, O3 | Prenatal | ↑ BMI, ↑ fat mass, fat mass rate of change, ↑ weight for length | [67,71] |
4–14 years | PM2.5, O3, PAH | Prenatal | ↑ BMI, ↑ fat mass | [72,76] | |
0–9 years | TRAP, traffic proximity | Prenatal | ↑ Fat mass, ↑ overweight risk | [67,73,76] | |
6–11 years | PM2.5, NO2, elemental carbon | Childhood | ↑ BMI, ↑ overweight or obese risk | [77,78] | |
6–10 years | TRAP, traffic proximity | Childhood | ↑ Overweight or obese risk, ↑ hemoglobin A1c, ↑ blood pressure | [78,89] | |
4, 8 years | Traffic proximity, ambient AP | Childhood (0–4) | No association with obesity, waist circumference, or cholesterol | [79] | |
Newborn | PM2.5 | Prenatal | ↑ Systolic hypertension | [80] | |
4–6 years | PM2.5 | Prenatal | ↑ Microvascular changes | [81,82] | |
3–9 years | PM2.5 | Prenatal | ↑ Blood pressure | [83,84,85] | |
Newborn | PM2.5, PM10, NO2 | Prenatal | ↑ Insulin, ↑ adiponectin, ↑ leptin | [74,86] | |
Newborn | TRAP | Prenatal | ↑ Adiponectin, ↑ leptin | [75] | |
10 years | TRAP and traffic proximity | Prenatal | ↑ Insulin resistance | [87] | |
4–6 years | PM2.5 | Prenatal | ↑ Hemoglobin A1c | [88] | |
0–5 years | O3, PM10 | Childhood | ↑ Diabetes | [90] |
Health Outcome | Population Age | AP Exposure | Exposure Time Window | Association | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lung function | 5–9 years | PAH | Prenatal | ↓ FEV1 | [95] |
5–7 years | Near-roadway air pollution (NRAP), TRAP | Postnatal | ↓ FVC, ↓ FEV1 | [96,101,106] | |
2–10 years | NO2, PM10, PM2.5, NO3 | Prenatal | ↓ FVC, ↓ FEV1, ↑ respiratory resistance, ↓ respiratory reactance | [97,98,99,100,103,104,105] | |
2–10 years | Household air pollution | Postnatal | ↑ Airway reactance, ↓ FEV1 | [99,102] | |
30 days–1 year | PM10, CO, NO2, O3 | Prenatal | ↑ Fractional exhaled NO, ↓ peak tidal expiratory flow, ↑ respiratory rate, ↑ minute ventilation | [92,93,94] | |
Respiratory tract infections | 12–18 months | NO2 and PM2.5 | Prenatal | ↑ Lower respiratory tract infections, ↑ LRTI hospitalizations | [108,110] |
0–5 years | PM2.5, PM10, NOx, O3, SO2 | Postnatal | ↑ Respiratory infections, ↑ bronchitis, ↑ LRTI hospitalizations | [130,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,146] | |
Asthma and allergic disorders | Newborn | PM2.5 | Preconception | ↑ Transient tachypnea, ↑ asphyxia, ↑ respiratory distress syndrome | [107] |
0–10 years | SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, black carbon, CO, ultrafine particles, regional NO2 | Prenatal | ↑ Wheeze, ↑ asthma | [109,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121] | |
3–6 years | PM2.5, PM10, NOx, PAH, SO2 | Postnatal | ↑ Allergic symptoms, ↑ allergic rhinitis, ↑ eczema, ↑ asthma | [102,114,115,119,120,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,144] | |
0–10 years | TRAP | Postnatal | ↑ Asthma, ↑ asthma hospitalizations | [122,132,133,134,135,145] | |
0–5 years | Ambient air toxics | Postnatal | No association with asthma | [147] | |
0–5 years | Wildfire-generated air pollution | Postnatal | ↑ Respiratory hospital visits | [148] |
Health Outcome | Population Age | AP Exposure | Exposure Time Window | Association | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Impaired cognitive development | 0–2 years | PM2.5, PM10 | Prenatal | ↓ Cognition Score, ↓ Mental Developmental Index, ↓ Problem Solving Score | [151,153,155,160] |
4–7 years | NO2, PM2.5, PM10, PAH | Prenatal | ↓ Global Cognition Score, ↓ IQ Score, ↓ Verbal IQ Index | [151,161,162,163] | |
Impaired motor development | |||||
0–9 years | PM1, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx, SO2, iron (PM2.5 constituent) | Prenatal | ↓ Fine Motor Score, ↓ Global Motor Score, ↓ Psychomotor Developmental Index | [149,150,154,155,157,158,160] | |
Impaired behavioral development | 0–2 years | PM1, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2 | Prenatal | ↓ Personal-Social Score, ↓ Adaptability Score, ↓ Social-Response Score | [155,158] |
2–6 years | PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2 | Prenatal | ↓ Inhibition, ↓ impulsivity, ↓ emotion expression, ↑ reported behavioral problems | [150,152] | |
0–3 years | NO2, SO2 | Prenatal | ↓ Adaptive-Behavior Score, ↓ Social-Behavior Score | [157] | |
6–10 years | TRAP, black carbon | Childhood | ↑ Behavioral problems | [156] | |
Impaired language development | 0–2 years | PM2.5 | Prenatal | ↓ Communication Score | [155] |
2–6 years | PM2.5, PM10, NO2 | Prenatal | ↓ Sentence completion, ↓ Verbal Score | [150,151] | |
0–2 years | PM1, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2 | Prenatal | ↓ Language Score | [157,158,159] | |
Attention and memory deficit | 2–7 years | PM2.5, NO2 | Prenatal | ↓ Memory Score, ↑ omission errors, ↓ Hit Reaction Time, ↓ general memory, ↓ visual memory | [151,162] |
7–11 years | TRAP | Childhood | ↓ Working memory, ↓ memory span length, ↑ inattentiveness | [173,174] | |
Autism spectrum disorders | 2–5 years | TRAP, NRAP, freeway proximity | Prenatal | ↑ ASD risk | [164,165,172] |
2–10 years | PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NO, O3, CO | Prenatal | ↑ ASD risk | [165,166,167,168,169,170,171] | |
2–5 years | TRAP | Childhood | ↑ ASD risk | [165] | |
2–10 years | PM2.5, PM10, NO2 | Childhood (0–2 years) | ↑ ASD risk | [165,169,170] |
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Gheissari, R.; Liao, J.; Garcia, E.; Pavlovic, N.; Gilliland, F.D.; Xiang, A.H.; Chen, Z. Health Outcomes in Children Associated with Prenatal and Early-Life Exposures to Air Pollution: A Narrative Review. Toxics 2022, 10, 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080458
Gheissari R, Liao J, Garcia E, Pavlovic N, Gilliland FD, Xiang AH, Chen Z. Health Outcomes in Children Associated with Prenatal and Early-Life Exposures to Air Pollution: A Narrative Review. Toxics. 2022; 10(8):458. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080458
Chicago/Turabian StyleGheissari, Roya, Jiawen Liao, Erika Garcia, Nathan Pavlovic, Frank D. Gilliland, Anny H. Xiang, and Zhanghua Chen. 2022. "Health Outcomes in Children Associated with Prenatal and Early-Life Exposures to Air Pollution: A Narrative Review" Toxics 10, no. 8: 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080458