Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxic, Genotoxic, Apoptotic, and Cell Cycle Arrest Potential of Iron–Nickel Alloy Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical and Reagents
2.2. Characterization of Fe-Ni ANPs
2.3. Cell Culture
2.4. Cytotoxicity
2.4.1. XTT Assay
2.4.2. Clonogenic Assay
2.5. Genotoxicity
2.5.1. Comet Assay
2.5.2. Gamma-H2AX Assay
2.6. Cell Death Mode
2.6.1. Annexin V Analysis
2.6.2. Multicaspase Analysis
2.7. Cell Cycle Arrested Analysis
2.8. Measurement of Intracellular ROS
2.9. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Nanoparticles
3.2. Cytotoxicity
3.3. Genotoxicity
3.4. Cell Death Mode
3.5. Cell Cycle Arrested Analysis
3.6. Amount of Intracellular ROS
4. Discussion
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Definition Used | Concentrations µg/mL | The Definition Used | Concentrations µg/mL |
---|---|---|---|
IC12.5 | 9.512 | IC50 | 38.048 |
IC25 | 19.024 | IC75 | 57.072 |
Con. | Tail Length (µm) | Tail DNA % | OTM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Min. | Max. | Mean ± SD | Min. | Max. | Mean ± SD | Min. | Max. | |
GC | 9.531 ± 2.632 | 3.987 | 21.964 | 9.953 ± 1.866 | 4.314 | 14.150 | 2.050 ± 0.725 | 0.372 | 4.004 |
IC12.5 | 30.016 ± 6.270 *** | 15.967 | 54.021 | 31.704 ± 8.395 *** | 11.327 | 58.414 | 10.591 ± 2.885 *** | 2.380 | 20.445 |
IC25 | 45.200 ± 6.879 *** | 32.678 | 80.324 | 44.183 ± 7.224 *** | 32.360 | 77.535 | 17.114 ± 3.788 *** | 10.387 | 34.115 |
IC50 | 59.842 ± 4.032 *** | 46.657 | 66.546 | 62.833 ± 6.067 *** | 50.354 | 80.535 | 21.720 ± 3.451 *** | 15.106 | 32.214 |
IC75 | 67.846 ± 3.976 *** | 55.967 | 73.657 | 63.833 ± 6.058 *** | 51.354 | 81.535 | 24.619 ± 3.645 *** | 17.460 | 35.875 |
PC | 71.958 ± 6.137 | 55.478 | 95.331 | 73.519 ± 8.196 | 56.012 | 91.920 | 25.484 ± 4.060 | 15.594 | 47.137 |
Cells % | |||
---|---|---|---|
Activated γH2AX | Inactivated γH2AX | Non-Expressing γH2AX | |
GC | 0 | 0.006 ± 0.015 | 99.82 ± 0.192 |
IC25 | 0 | 0.046 ± 0.015 | 99.853 ± 0.011 |
IC75 | 96.493 ± 1.198 | 0.82 ± 1.368 | 0 |
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Vatan, Ö. Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxic, Genotoxic, Apoptotic, and Cell Cycle Arrest Potential of Iron–Nickel Alloy Nanoparticles. Toxics 2022, 10, 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10090492
Vatan Ö. Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxic, Genotoxic, Apoptotic, and Cell Cycle Arrest Potential of Iron–Nickel Alloy Nanoparticles. Toxics. 2022; 10(9):492. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10090492
Chicago/Turabian StyleVatan, Özgür. 2022. "Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxic, Genotoxic, Apoptotic, and Cell Cycle Arrest Potential of Iron–Nickel Alloy Nanoparticles" Toxics 10, no. 9: 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10090492