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Article

Persistent Halogenated Organic Pollutants in Deep-Water-Deposited Particulates from South China Sea

by
Jia-De Lee
1,†,
Tsyr-Huei Chiou
2,†,
Hong-Jie Zhang
3,
How-Ran Chao
1,4,5,6,7,*,
Kuang-Yu Chen
8,†,
Yan-You Gou
1,
Chien-Er Huang
9,10,
Sheng-Lun Lin
11 and
Lin-Chi Wang
12,*
1
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
2
Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
3
School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China
4
Center for Agricultural, Forestry, Fishery, Livestock and Aquaculture Carbon Emission Inventory and Emerging Compounds, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
5
Institute of Food Safety Management, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
6
School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
7
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
8
National Applied Research Laboratories, Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, Kaohsiung 852, Taiwan
9
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
10
Super Micro Mass Research & Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
11
Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
12
Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
 
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*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Toxics 2023, 11(12), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120968
Submission received: 17 September 2023 / Revised: 22 November 2023 / Accepted: 23 November 2023 / Published: 29 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecological Risks of Emerging Contaminants in the Marine Environment)
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Abstract

POP data are limited in the marine environment; thus, this study aimed to investigate background persistent organic pollutant (POP) levels in oceanic deep-water-deposited particulates in the South China Sea (SCS). Six POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), were investigated in eight pooled samples from the SCS from 20 September 2013 to 23 March 2014 and 15 April 2014 to 24 October 2014 at depths of 2000 m and 3500 m. PBDEs were the most predominant compounds, with the highest mean Σ14PBDE of 125 ± 114 ng/g dry weight (d.w.), followed by Σ17PCDD/F, Σ12PBDD/F, and Σ12DL-PCB (275 ± 1930, 253 ± 216, and 116 ± 166 pg/g d.w., respectively). Most PBDD/F, PBB, and PCDE congeners were below the detection limits. PCDDs had the highest toxic equivalency (TEQ), followed by PBDDs and DL-PCBs. Among the six POPs, PBDEs were the major components of the marine-deposited particles, regarding both concentrations and mass fluxes. Compared to 3500 m, PBDE levels were higher at a depth of 2000 m. PBDE mass fluxes were 20.9 and 14.2 ng/m2/day or 68.2 and 75.9 ng/m2/year at deep-water 2000 and 3500 m, respectively. This study first investigated POP levels in oceanic deep-water-deposited particles from existing global data.
Keywords: deposited particulate; marine pollution; persistent organic pollutants (POPs); polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs); mass flux deposited particulate; marine pollution; persistent organic pollutants (POPs); polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs); mass flux

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lee, J.-D.; Chiou, T.-H.; Zhang, H.-J.; Chao, H.-R.; Chen, K.-Y.; Gou, Y.-Y.; Huang, C.-E.; Lin, S.-L.; Wang, L.-C. Persistent Halogenated Organic Pollutants in Deep-Water-Deposited Particulates from South China Sea. Toxics 2023, 11, 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120968

AMA Style

Lee J-D, Chiou T-H, Zhang H-J, Chao H-R, Chen K-Y, Gou Y-Y, Huang C-E, Lin S-L, Wang L-C. Persistent Halogenated Organic Pollutants in Deep-Water-Deposited Particulates from South China Sea. Toxics. 2023; 11(12):968. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120968

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee, Jia-De, Tsyr-Huei Chiou, Hong-Jie Zhang, How-Ran Chao, Kuang-Yu Chen, Yan-You Gou, Chien-Er Huang, Sheng-Lun Lin, and Lin-Chi Wang. 2023. "Persistent Halogenated Organic Pollutants in Deep-Water-Deposited Particulates from South China Sea" Toxics 11, no. 12: 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120968

APA Style

Lee, J.-D., Chiou, T.-H., Zhang, H.-J., Chao, H.-R., Chen, K.-Y., Gou, Y.-Y., Huang, C.-E., Lin, S.-L., & Wang, L.-C. (2023). Persistent Halogenated Organic Pollutants in Deep-Water-Deposited Particulates from South China Sea. Toxics, 11(12), 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120968

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