A Long-Term Assessment of Nitrogen Removal Performance and Microecosystem Evolution in Bioretention Columns Modified with Sponge Iron
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Device
2.2. Experimental Scheme
2.3. Sample Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nitrogen Removal Performance
3.1.1. Removal of Ammonia Nitrogen, Nitrate Nitrogen, and Total Nitrogen
3.1.2. Denitrification Efficiency
3.2. Changes in Surface Morphology and Element Composition of Sponge Iron
3.3. Changes in Plants’ Physiological Characteristics
3.3.1. MDA, H2O2, and Chlorophyll
3.3.2. Changes in Enzyme Activity
3.3.3. Accumulation of Iron in Plants
3.4. Changes in Functional Microorganisms for Nitrogen Removal
3.4.1. Microbial Diversity
3.4.2. Microbial Community Structure at the Phylum and Genus Levels
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Proportion (%) | CK | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |
Phylum level | Proteobacteria | 36.32 | 30.37 | 27.99 | 25.68 | 31.49 | 32.62 | 37.69 | 28.94 | 42.52 | 26.28 |
Bacteroidetes | 18.23 | 9.30 | 13.81 | 22.31 | 12.74 | 11.89 | 10.73 | 15.09 | 6.43 | 19.91 | |
Patescibacteria | 7.69 | 16.42 | 20.76 | 11.73 | 10.93 | 6.27 | 10.99 | 9.17 | 3.68 | 4.12 | |
Planctomycetes | 6.77 | 9.49 | 6.21 | 8.56 | 5.97 | 8.53 | 6.35 | 9.27 | 7.63 | 9.86 | |
Acidobacteria | 6.37 | 8.88 | 6.43 | 5.53 | 8.02 | 8.40 | 6.58 | 7.30 | 5.03 | 3.94 | |
Actinobacteria | 1.72 | 2.86 | 2.44 | 2.79 | 2.78 | 4.85 | 5.16 | 3.01 | 13.82 | 6.85 | |
Chloroflexi | 3.72 | 6.83 | 3.64 | 6.27 | 4.52 | 8.65 | 3.91 | 9.05 | 4.13 | 4.27 | |
Firmicutes | 0.58 | 1.61 | 0.55 | 1.76 | 0.94 | 2.24 | 0.62 | 2.73 | 1.24 | 11.61 | |
Genus level | Sphingorhabdus | 7.09 | - | 0.50 | - | 0.29 | - | 0.82 | - | 0.74 | - |
Terrimonas | 2.22 | 1.75 | 1.91 | 0.96 | 1.39 | 1.79 | 1.47 | 2.23 | 0.62 | 0.58 | |
Acidibacter | 1.83 | 1.46 | 0.94 | 1.03 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.74 | 0.86 | 0.30 | 0.25 | |
Nitrospira | 0.62 | 0.45 | 0.78 | 0.52 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 1.87 | 0.71 | 1.18 | |
Thiobacillus | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.13 | |
Thauera | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.65 | |
Pseudomonas | 0.62 | 0.78 | 0.38 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.09 | |
Dechloromonas | 0.10 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.02 | |
Hydrogenophaga | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.78 | 0.67 | 1.02 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.91 |
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Lin, Z.; Shi, Q.; He, Q. A Long-Term Assessment of Nitrogen Removal Performance and Microecosystem Evolution in Bioretention Columns Modified with Sponge Iron. Toxics 2024, 12, 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100727
Lin Z, Shi Q, He Q. A Long-Term Assessment of Nitrogen Removal Performance and Microecosystem Evolution in Bioretention Columns Modified with Sponge Iron. Toxics. 2024; 12(10):727. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100727
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Zizeng, Qinghuan Shi, and Qiumei He. 2024. "A Long-Term Assessment of Nitrogen Removal Performance and Microecosystem Evolution in Bioretention Columns Modified with Sponge Iron" Toxics 12, no. 10: 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100727