Mechanistic Evidence for Hg Removal from Wastewater by Biologically Produced Sulfur
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characterization of BPS
2.2. Hg Removal Efficiency
2.3. Hg Adsorption Isotherm
2.4. Hg Adsorption Kinetics
2.5. Pseudo-Thermodynamic Parameters of Hg Adsorption
2.6. Hg Desorption
2.7. Hg Removal from Waste Water
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biologically Produced S Characteristics
3.2. Effect of pH and Adsorbent Dose on Hg Removal
3.3. Adsorption Isotherms
3.4. Adsorption Kinetics
3.5. Adsorption Thermodynamics
3.6. Desorption of Hg from HgS Complex
3.7. BPS Surface Morphology after Hg Adsorption
3.8. Application of BPS for Wastewater Treatment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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pH | Adsorbent Dose (g L−1) | Contact Time (min) | Initial Hg2+ Concentration (mg L−1) | Temperature (K) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect of pH | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 | 1 | 1440 | 300 | 298 |
Effect of time | 5 | 1 | 5, 30, 120, 360, 720, 1440 | 300 | 298 |
Effect of Hg2+ concentration | 5 | 1 | 1440 | 50, 150, 300, 500, 800 | 288, 298, 308 |
As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn | Hg | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wastewater (mg L−1) | 4.2 | 118 | 0.61 | 49 | 1.45 | 22,727 | 0.13 |
Allowable limit † (mg L−1) | 0.25 | 0.1 | 2 | 3 | 0.5 | 5 | 0.005 |
S | O | Na | C | K | Si | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BPS (% by mass) | 76.1 | 15.9 | 5.55 | 2.41 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Langmuir Model † | Freundlich Model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qmax (mg g−1) | b (L mg−1) | r2 | Kf (mg g−1) | n | r2 | |
BPS | 243.9 | 0.56 | 0.99 ** | 87.3 | 5.52 | 0.92 ** |
Adsorbents | Temperature (°C) | Dose (g/L) | Concentration (mg/L) | pH | Qmax (mg/g) | r2 | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activated carbon (from mango seed) activated with CaCl2 or H2SO4 | Room | 3.33 | 10–150 | 5.0 | 74.45 79.11 | 0.905 0.903 | [40] |
Activated carbon (from mango seed) activated with CaCl2 or H2SO4 and functionalized with Na2S | Room | 3.33 | 10–150 | 5.0 | 92.16 124.13 | 0.925 0.910 | [40] |
Activated carbon (from furfural) activated with steam | Room | 0.2 | 10–40 | 5.5 | 174 | - | [41] |
Mesoporous silica functionalized with propylthiol | 20 °C | 0.57 | 30–600 | - | 110.32–577.70 | - | [42] |
Activated carbon (from walnut shell) activated with ZnCl2 | 29 °C | 1 | 9.7–107 | 5.0 | 100.9 151.5 | 0.998 0.999 | [43] |
Chitosan beads grafted with polyacrylamide | Room | 0.25 | 10–200 | 4.0 | 322.6 | 0.997 | [44] |
Bentonite modified with mercapto | 37.28 °C | 1.9 | 5–40 | 6.17 | 32.89 | 0.99 | [45] |
Ti3C2Tx MXene functionalized with thioacetamnide and sodium molybdate | - | 1 | 50–2000 | 6.5 | 1446.26 | 0.984 | [46] |
Activated carbon (from coir pith) | Room | 0.2 | 10–40 | 5.0 | 154 | - | [47] |
Activated carbon (from Ceiba pentandra hulls) | 30 °C | - | 10–140 | 6.0 | 25.88 | 0.8167 | [48] |
Activated carbon (from Phaseolus aureus hulls) | 30 °C | - | 10–140 | 7.0 | 23.66 | 0.9016 | [48] |
Activated carbon (from Cicer arietinum waste) | 30 °C | - | 10–140 | 7.0 | 22.88 | 0.9273 | [48] |
Zeolitized coal fly ash | Room | 10–100 | 10 | 2.5 | 0.44 | 0.96 | [19] |
Porous sulfur copolymer | 25 °C | 0.1 | 2–10 | - | 0.37 | 0.999 | [49] |
Desiccated coconut waste | 30 °C | 1 | 25–500 | 7.4 | 500 | 0.970 | [50] |
Activated carbon (from fruit shell of Terminalia catappa L.) activated with H2SO4 | 32 °C | 0.05–5.0 | 30 | 5.0 | 94.43 | 0.9956 | [51] |
Tree fern | 10–25 °C | 5 | 55–145 | - | 20.2–26.5 | - | [52] |
Exhausted coffee waste | 33 °C | 4 | 50–110 | 7.0 | 31.75 | 0.99 | [53] |
Kinetic Models | Parameters † | Values |
---|---|---|
Pseudo-first-order | qe (mg g−1) | 12.41 |
K1 (min−1) | 0.0012 | |
r2 | 0.99 ** | |
RMSE | 394.73 | |
Pseudo-second-order | qe (mg g−1) | 250.00 |
K2 (g mg−1min−1) | 0.0013 | |
r2 | 0.99 ** | |
RMSE | 31.54 | |
Double-exponential | qe (mg g−1) | 248.89 |
D1 (g L−1) | 237.17 | |
KD1 (min−1) | 4.9438 | |
D2 (g L−1) | 11.72 | |
KD2 (min−1) | 0.0015 | |
r2 | 0.99 ** | |
RMSE | 0.63 |
Temperature (K) | (kJ mol−1) | (kJ mol−1) | (J mol−1 K−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BPS | 288 | −12.6 | 61.2 | 256.7 |
298 | −15.7 | |||
308 | −17.7 |
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Jeong, S.-S.; Park, B.-J.; Yoon, J.-H.; Kirkham, M.B.; Yang, J.-E.; Kim, H.-S. Mechanistic Evidence for Hg Removal from Wastewater by Biologically Produced Sulfur. Toxics 2024, 12, 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040278
Jeong S-S, Park B-J, Yoon J-H, Kirkham MB, Yang J-E, Kim H-S. Mechanistic Evidence for Hg Removal from Wastewater by Biologically Produced Sulfur. Toxics. 2024; 12(4):278. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040278
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeong, Seok-Soon, Byung-Jun Park, Jung-Hwan Yoon, Mary Beth Kirkham, Jae-E. Yang, and Hyuck-Soo Kim. 2024. "Mechanistic Evidence for Hg Removal from Wastewater by Biologically Produced Sulfur" Toxics 12, no. 4: 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040278