Quantitative Soil Characterization for Biochar–Cd Adsorption: Machine Learning Prediction Models for Cd Transformation and Immobilization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Samples Description
2.2. Biochar Preparation
2.3. Incubation Experiment
2.4. Proposed Machine Learning Methods
2.4.1. LSTM Model
2.4.2. BiGRU Model
2.4.3. 5-Layer CNN
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of the Amendment on Incubation Soil Physiochemical Characteristics Relates to Cd Concentrations
3.1.1. Soil pH Affects Cd Availability
3.1.2. Changing Soil Organic Carbon Affects Cd Availability
3.1.3. Soils EC Affects Cd Availability
3.1.4. Changing Soil CEC Affects Cd Availability
3.1.5. Effect of Soil Clay on Cd Availability
3.2. Machine Learning-Based Soil Cd Concentration Prediction Models
3.2.1. Case 1: Assess CK Soils Using Machine Learning Models
3.2.2. Case 2: Evaluated Applied BC Soils Using Machine Learning Models
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rashid, M.S.; Wang, Y.; Yin, Y.; Yousaf, B.; Jiang, S.; Mirza, A.F.; Chen, B.; Li, X.; Liu, Z. Quantitative Soil Characterization for Biochar–Cd Adsorption: Machine Learning Prediction Models for Cd Transformation and Immobilization. Toxics 2024, 12, 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080535
Rashid MS, Wang Y, Yin Y, Yousaf B, Jiang S, Mirza AF, Chen B, Li X, Liu Z. Quantitative Soil Characterization for Biochar–Cd Adsorption: Machine Learning Prediction Models for Cd Transformation and Immobilization. Toxics. 2024; 12(8):535. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080535
Chicago/Turabian StyleRashid, Muhammad Saqib, Yanhong Wang, Yilong Yin, Balal Yousaf, Shaojun Jiang, Adeel Feroz Mirza, Bing Chen, Xiang Li, and Zhongzhen Liu. 2024. "Quantitative Soil Characterization for Biochar–Cd Adsorption: Machine Learning Prediction Models for Cd Transformation and Immobilization" Toxics 12, no. 8: 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080535