Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in PM1 and Source-Specific Health Risks in the Tianjin Airport Community, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sampling and Methodology
2.1. Description of the Study Area and Sampling of PM1
2.2. Chemical Analysis and Quality Control
2.3. Statistical Analysis and Source Apportionment
2.3.1. Enrichment Factors
2.3.2. Positive Matrix Factorization Model
2.4. Source-Specific Health Risk Assessment
2.4.1. Health Risk Assessment Model
2.4.2. Source-Specific Health Risk
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Mass Concentration and the Characteristics of PM1
3.2. An Overview of the Contamination and PM1-Related HMs
3.2.1. HM Contents and Variation
Spring | Summer | BVs a (μg·g−1) | WHO b (ng·m−3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daily (n= 7) | Night (n = 7) | Daily (n = 9) | Night (n = 9) | |||
PM1 (μg/m3) | 35.44 ± 16.18 | 30.52 ± 7.49 | 30.46 ± 14.37 | 23.31 ± 6.67 | ||
V | 10.43 ± 5.28 | 15.65 ± 4.29 | 3.93 ± 1.90 | 8.19 ± 3.46 | 82.4 | 1000 |
Cr | 7.42 ± 0.68 | 7.12 ± 0.79 | 9.79 ± 2.84 | 8.71 ± 0.86 | 61.0 | - |
Mn | 25.63 ± 6.26 | 22.85 ± 9.76 | 21.68 ± 8.01 | 20.88 ± 3.94 | 583.0 | 150 |
Co | 3.41 ± 0.77 | 3.63 ± 1.13 | 1.96 ± 0.49 | 2.13 ± 0.44 | 12.7 | - |
Ni | 12.36 ± 3.04 | 13.58 ± 3.24 | 9.52 ± 3.43 | 4.28 ± 1.31 | 26.9 | 25 |
Cu | 24.81 ± 13.37 | 33.17 ± 18.15 | 26.02 ± 5.77 | 25.07 ± 6.07 | 22.6 | - |
Zn | 160.85 ± 22.50 | 156.38 ± 36.14 | 161.21 ± 44.31 | 173.89 ± 26.16 | 74.2 | - |
As | 4.60 ± 1.49 | 5.59 ± 1.86 | 5.63 ± 3.07 | 5.87 ± 2.12 | 11.2 | 6.6 |
Cd | 5.62 ± 1.77 | 5.83 ± 2.40 | 7.09 ± 4.49 | 4.96 ± 1.02 | 0.097 | 5 |
Pb | 48.32 ± 15.46 | 44.39 ± 24.51 | 55.98 ± 29.92 | 45.55 ± 15.12 | 26.0 | 500 |
3.2.2. The Relationships between the Concentrations of HMs and Flight Activities
3.3. Seasonal-Specific Source Apportionment Using PMF
3.3.1. Source Apportionment in Spring
3.3.2. Source Apportionment in Summer
3.4. Seasonal Health Risk of HMs
Study | Study Area | Particle Size | HMs Compositions | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sax [63] | School, Los Angeles, USA | PM2.5 | Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb, and Be | - | 10−5 |
School, New York City, USA | 10−5 | ||||
Hieu [64] | Residential district, Ulsan, Republic of Korea | PM1.0 | Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb | - | 10−5 |
Pandey [68] | Residential district, Lucknow, India | PM2.5 | Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb | - | 10−5 |
Zhang [61] | Urban area, Taiyuan, China | PM2.5 | Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb | 6 | - |
Peng [20] | Harbor, Huzhou, China | PM2.5 | Cr, Co, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb | 0.15 | 10−4 |
Zhou [69] | Urban area, Pearl River Delta region, China | PM2.5 | Cr, Ni, Mn, As, and Pb | 2.09 | 10−4 |
Liu [60] | School, Beijing, China | PM2.5 | Ba, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb | 0.89 | 10−6 |
Huang [62] | Urban area, Shanghai, China | PM2.5 and PM10 | Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb | 2.99 (PM2.5) and 3.18 (PM10) | - |
Huang [70] | School, Beijing, China | PM2.5 | Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb | 1.15 | 10−4 |
Xie [35] | Urban area, Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta, China | PM2.5 | Fe, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb | - | 0.68–1.3 × 10−5 (PRD) and 1.9–2.7 × 10−5 (YRD) |
Cui [66] | Urban area, Beijing, China | PM2.5 | Ba, Cr, Mn, Ni, As, and Pb | >100 | 10−2 |
Xu [24] | Urban area, Zhejiang Province, China | PM2.5 | Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb | 11.9 | 10−3 |
Chen [59] | School, Tianjin, China | PM2.5 | Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb | 1.3 | 10−5 |
Sun [65] | Urban area, Chengdu, China | PM10 | V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu Zn, As, Cd, and Pb | 2.9–6.9 | 8.2–11 × 10−5 |
3.5. Source-Specific Assessment of Health Risk
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HMs | Non-Cancer Risk ) | Cancer Risk ) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Summer | Spring | Summer | |
V | 5.9610−4 | 2.7810−4 | - | - |
Cr (VI) | 1.1610−2 | 1.4810−2 | 1.3910−5 | 1.7710−5 |
Mn | 5.4210−1 | 4.7610−1 | - | - |
Co | 1.9710−1 | 1.1410−1 | 1.10 10−5 | 6.4010−6 |
Ni | 2.0110−4 | 1.0710−4 | 3.4810−6 | 1.8510−6 |
Cu | 2.3110−4 | 2.0310−4 | - | - |
Zn | 1.6910−4 | 1.7910−4 | - | - |
As | 5.4210−3 | 6.1010−3 | 2.4610−5 | 2.7810−5 |
Cd | 1.8310−3 | 1.9310−3 | 1.1510−5 | 1.2110−5 |
Pb | 4.2210−3 | 4.6310−3 | - | - |
7.6210−1 | 6.2610−1 | 6.4510−5 | 6.5910−5 |
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Zhao, J.; Xu, J.; Xu, Y.; Ji, Y. Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in PM1 and Source-Specific Health Risks in the Tianjin Airport Community, China. Toxics 2024, 12, 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080601
Zhao J, Xu J, Xu Y, Ji Y. Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in PM1 and Source-Specific Health Risks in the Tianjin Airport Community, China. Toxics. 2024; 12(8):601. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080601
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Jingbo, Jingcheng Xu, Yanhong Xu, and Yaqin Ji. 2024. "Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in PM1 and Source-Specific Health Risks in the Tianjin Airport Community, China" Toxics 12, no. 8: 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080601