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Open AccessArticle
Kinetic Considerations in the Interpretation of Biomonitoring of 1,3-Butadiene Exposure by Determination of Urinary Mercapturic Acids
by
Peter J. Boogaard
Peter J. Boogaard 1,2,*,
Mary Freire de Carvalho
Mary Freire de Carvalho 2 and
Maryam Zare Jeddi
Maryam Zare Jeddi 3
1
Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
2
Shell Health, Shell International bv, 2596 HR The Hague, The Netherlands
3
Shell Global Solutions bv, 2596 HR The Hague, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxics 2024, 12(9), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090623 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 27 May 2024
/
Revised: 1 August 2024
/
Accepted: 7 August 2024
/
Published: 23 August 2024
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is classified as a human carcinogen, and occupational exposure should be minimized. This study examined the effectiveness of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the clean-up and repair of a storage tank containing sludge contaminated with BD. A total of 66 workers participated, providing repeat urine samples before and after the shift. Overall, 1286 samples were analyzed for 1,2-dihydroxy-4-(N-acetylcysteinyl)butane (DHBMA) and the isomers 2-hydroxy-1-(N-acetylcysteinyl)-3-butene and 1-hydroxy-2-(N-acetylcysteinyl)-3-butene (MHBMA). Both DHBMA and MHBMA are urinary metabolites of BD and serve as biomarkers for recent BD exposure. Established correlations between the urinary concentrations of these biomarkers and airborne BD levels allowed for exposure assessment. However, conclusions regarding the exceedances of occupational exposure limits can vary depending on whether DHBMA or MHBMA levels are considered. This study investigated this discrepancy by estimating the apparent urinary half-lives of DHBMA and MHBMA using sequential individual post- and pre-shift samples. The results indicated that the longer urinary half-life of MHBMA (19.7 ± 3.1 h) led to its accumulation during the work week, in contrast to DHBMA, which has a shorter half-life (10.3 ±1.9 h) and showed limited accumulation. When the kinetic information was used to adjust for the MHBMA build-up over the week, the discrepancy with DHBMA resolved, confirming that exposure limit values were not exceeded and validating the effectiveness of the PPE used. In the context of biomonitoring, this study provides valuable insights into biomarker selection based on specific objectives. MHBMA is recommended for scenarios with uncertain exposure timing and activities, whereas DHBMA is the preferred biomarker for evaluating the effectiveness of protective measures in known exposure settings.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Boogaard, P.J.; Freire de Carvalho, M.; Jeddi, M.Z.
Kinetic Considerations in the Interpretation of Biomonitoring of 1,3-Butadiene Exposure by Determination of Urinary Mercapturic Acids. Toxics 2024, 12, 623.
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090623
AMA Style
Boogaard PJ, Freire de Carvalho M, Jeddi MZ.
Kinetic Considerations in the Interpretation of Biomonitoring of 1,3-Butadiene Exposure by Determination of Urinary Mercapturic Acids. Toxics. 2024; 12(9):623.
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090623
Chicago/Turabian Style
Boogaard, Peter J., Mary Freire de Carvalho, and Maryam Zare Jeddi.
2024. "Kinetic Considerations in the Interpretation of Biomonitoring of 1,3-Butadiene Exposure by Determination of Urinary Mercapturic Acids" Toxics 12, no. 9: 623.
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090623
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