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Perspective

Aristolochic Acids: Newly Identified Exposure Pathways of this Class of Environmental and Food-Borne Contaminants and its Potential Link to Chronic Kidney Diseases

by
Chi-Kong Chan
1,
Yushuo Liu
2,
Nikola M. Pavlović
3,4,5,* and
Wan Chan
1,2,6,*
1
Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
2
Environmental Science Programs, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
3
Clinic of Nephrology, Clinical Centre Niš, Niš 18000, Serbia
4
Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš 18000, Serbia
5
Serbian Medical Society, Branch Niš, Niš 18000, Serbia
6
Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxics 2019, 7(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics7010014
Submission received: 4 January 2019 / Revised: 13 March 2019 / Accepted: 14 March 2019 / Published: 19 March 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Environmental Toxicants)
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Abstract

Aristolochic acids (AAs) are nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acids naturally produced by Aristolochia plants. These plants were widely used to prepare herbal remedies until AAs were observed to be highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic to humans. Although the use of AA-containing Aristolochia plants in herbal medicine is prohibited in countries worldwide, emerging evidence nevertheless has indicated that AAs are the causative agents of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), an environmentally derived disease threatening numerous residents of rural farming villages along the Danube River in countries of the Balkan Peninsula. This perspective updates recent findings on the identification of AAs in food as a result of the root uptake of free AAs released from the decayed seeds of Aristolochia clematitis L., in combination with their presence and fate in the environment. The potential link between AAs and the high prevalence of chronic kidney diseases in China is also discussed.
Keywords: aristolochic acids; food contamination; environmental pollution; root uptake; aristolochic acid nephropathy; Balkan endemic nephropathy; chronic kidney disease aristolochic acids; food contamination; environmental pollution; root uptake; aristolochic acid nephropathy; Balkan endemic nephropathy; chronic kidney disease

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chan, C.-K.; Liu, Y.; Pavlović, N.M.; Chan, W. Aristolochic Acids: Newly Identified Exposure Pathways of this Class of Environmental and Food-Borne Contaminants and its Potential Link to Chronic Kidney Diseases. Toxics 2019, 7, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics7010014

AMA Style

Chan C-K, Liu Y, Pavlović NM, Chan W. Aristolochic Acids: Newly Identified Exposure Pathways of this Class of Environmental and Food-Borne Contaminants and its Potential Link to Chronic Kidney Diseases. Toxics. 2019; 7(1):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics7010014

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chan, Chi-Kong, Yushuo Liu, Nikola M. Pavlović, and Wan Chan. 2019. "Aristolochic Acids: Newly Identified Exposure Pathways of this Class of Environmental and Food-Borne Contaminants and its Potential Link to Chronic Kidney Diseases" Toxics 7, no. 1: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics7010014

APA Style

Chan, C.-K., Liu, Y., Pavlović, N. M., & Chan, W. (2019). Aristolochic Acids: Newly Identified Exposure Pathways of this Class of Environmental and Food-Borne Contaminants and its Potential Link to Chronic Kidney Diseases. Toxics, 7(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics7010014

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