Application of Modified Spent Mushroom Compost Biochar (SMCB/Fe) for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Biochar
2.2. Point of Zero Charge
2.3. Nitrate Desorption Study (Leaching Test)
2.4. Impact of Co-Adsorption (Competing) Anion
2.5. Characterization of Adsorbent
2.6. Adsorption Kinetic
2.7. Sorption Isotherm Models
3. Results
3.1. FT-IR Spectroscopy
3.2. X-ray Diffractometer (XRD)
3.3. Surface Morphology of Biochar
3.4. Point of Zero Charge (pHpzc)
3.5. Iron and Nitrate Leaching Test
3.6. Effect of pH on Adsorption Process
3.7. Effect of Contact Time
3.8. Effect of Initial Nitrate Concentration
3.9. Effect of Co-Existing (Competing) Anions
3.10. Adsorption Kinetic Study
3.11. Adsorption Isotherm Study
3.12. Adsorption Mechanism of Nitrates on Biochar
3.13. SMCB/Fe Adsorption Efficacy in Comparison to Other Materials
4. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Studies
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Reference | Linear Equation | Parameters | Nitrate Adsorption | qe.exp mg g−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudo first order | [31] | 20 | 18.18 | ||
0.861 | |||||
0.086 | |||||
Pseudo second order | [44] | 18.62 | 18.18 | ||
0.002 | |||||
0.999 | |||||
Intraparticle diffusion | [45] | 3.41 | |||
3.08 | |||||
0.506 | |||||
0.17 | |||||
3.9 | |||||
0.76 |
Model | Reference | Linear Equation | Parameters | Nitrate Adsorption |
---|---|---|---|---|
Langmuir | [37] | 19.88 | ||
0.503 | ||||
0.996 | ||||
0.032 | ||||
Freundlich | [7] | 6.7 | ||
4.2 | ||||
0.94 | ||||
Dubinin–Radushkevich | [34] | 13.59 | ||
0.024 | ||||
0.842 | ||||
Free energy | [37] | 1.44 |
Biochar Composites | T °C | Nitrate (mg L−1) | Sorption Isotherm | Kinetic | pH | Max Sorption Capacity (mg g−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corn straw-Fe2O3 | 550 | 50 | Langmuir | NA | 15.40 | [16] | |
Douglas fir-α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 | 600 | 100 | Langmuir | 2–9 | 15.00 | [56] | |
Soybean Mg-Al | 500 | 50 | *pso | 7.5 | 45.21 | [7] | |
Soybean Mg | 500 | 50 | *pso | 8.5 | 77.31 | [7] | |
Birch wood /H2O2 oxidized | 400 | 500 | Langmuir | NA | 1.49 | [57] | |
Birch wood /H2O2 oxidized | 600 | 500 | NA | 1.09 | |||
Corncob /FeCl3 | 600 | 2000 | Langmuir | 3–7 | 14.46 | [20] | |
Corncob/FeCl3 | 600 | 100 | Langmuir | 3–11 | 32.33 | [58] | |
Sugarcane bagasse/ ECH | 600 | 100 | Langmuir | *pso | 3 | 28.21 | [34] |
Wheat-straw/Mg-Fe | 600 | 45 | Langmuir | *pso | 7–8 | 24.8 | [5] |
Spent mushroom compost/FeCl3·6H2O | 600 | 60 | Langmuir | *pso | 5–7 | 19.88 | this study |
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Darajeh, N.; Alizadeh, H.; Leung, D.W.M.; Rashidi Nodeh, H.; Rezania, S.; Farraji, H. Application of Modified Spent Mushroom Compost Biochar (SMCB/Fe) for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution. Toxics 2021, 9, 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110277
Darajeh N, Alizadeh H, Leung DWM, Rashidi Nodeh H, Rezania S, Farraji H. Application of Modified Spent Mushroom Compost Biochar (SMCB/Fe) for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution. Toxics. 2021; 9(11):277. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110277
Chicago/Turabian StyleDarajeh, Negisa, Hossein Alizadeh, David W. M. Leung, Hamid Rashidi Nodeh, Shahabaldin Rezania, and Hossein Farraji. 2021. "Application of Modified Spent Mushroom Compost Biochar (SMCB/Fe) for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution" Toxics 9, no. 11: 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110277