Sustainable Removal of Ammonia from the Anaerobic Digester Supernatant Line Using a Prussian Blue Analogue (PBA) Composite Adsorbent
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Part 1: Characterization of the Adsorbing Material
2.1.1. Preparation of the Me-HCFs and Beads
2.1.2. Isotherms
2.1.3. Isotherm Adsorption Models
2.1.4. Morphology and Surface Area Characterization of the Me-HCF Powder and Beads
2.1.5. Ion Exchange Capacity and Cation Affinity Sequence
2.1.6. Simulation of a ZnHCF-Composite Bead Packed Column
2.2. Part 2: Selection of the CIX Working Conditions
2.2.1. Wastewater Solution
2.2.2. Column Experiments
2.2.3. Determination of the Required Hydraulic Retention Time
2.2.4. Reusing the Regeneration Solution—Full Adsorption/Regeneration Cycles
2.2.5. Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Part 1: Characterization of the Adsorbing Material
3.1.1. Adsorption Isotherms
3.1.2. Characterization of the ZnHCF Beads
3.2. Part 2: Selecting the Working Conditions
3.2.1. Determining the Most Suitable Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)
3.2.2. Breakthrough Curves and Regeneration Data
4. Cost Assessment
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Method | Feasibility | Readiness Level | Source | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Technological | Cost | Reliability | |||
Anammox | ✓✓✓ | ✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | [2,3] |
CIX–Zeolite | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓ | [12,13,21,22] |
CIX–CuHCF | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓ | [11] |
Struvite precipitation | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | [7,8,23] |
Current method | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | This paper |
Cation | Synthetic WW 1 | Synthetic WW 2 | 1st Batch RWW | 2nd Batch RWW |
---|---|---|---|---|
mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | |
Na+ | 1000 | 185 | 230 | 245 |
K+ | 0 | 184 | 157 | 138 |
NH4+ | 600 | 600 | 542 | 566 |
Ca2+ | 0 | 11 | 30 | 57 |
Mg2+ | 0 | 35 | 41 | 29 |
Background | Metal | qemax | KL | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
mgN/g | L/mg | - | ||
DIW | Cobalt | 59.88 | 0.1170 | 0.989 |
Nickel | 27.72 | 0.0251 | 0.942 | |
Zinc | 28.52 | 0.3967 | 0.969 | |
SW | Cobalt | 60.56 | 0.0140 | 0.954 |
Nickel | 37.13 | 0.0229 | 0.942 | |
Zinc | 26.47 | 0.0104 | 0.985 |
Flow Rate | Adsorbed Mass of TAN in the Column | Operational Capacity |
---|---|---|
BV/h | mgN | % |
½ | 4904 ± 226 | 88.2% |
1 | 4931 ± 141 | 88.7% |
2 | 4594 ± 172 | 82.6% |
4 | 4531 ± 51 | 81.5% |
8 | 4245 ± 59 | 76.3% |
Cycle no. | Synthetic Wastewater | 1st and 2nd Batch of Real WW | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adsorbed Mass | Desorbed Mass | Regeneration Efficiency | Feed Conc. | Adsorbed Mass | Desorbed Mass | Regeneration Efficiency | Feed Conc. | |
mgN | mgN | % | mgN/L | mgN | mgN | % | mgN/L | |
1 | 4383 | 4279 | 98% | 605 | 4513 | 3983 | 88% | 581 |
2 | 4387 | 4381 | 100% | 606 | 4568 | 4055 | 89% | 581 |
3 | 4605 | 4586 | 100% | 602 | 4037 | 3817 | 95% | 517 |
4 | 4591 | 4361 | 95% | 603 | 3956 | 3719 | 94% | 518 |
5 | 4518 | 4280 | 95% | 610 | 4047 | 3741 | 92% | 535 |
6 | 4525 | 4302 | 95% | 621 | 3940 | 3762 | 95% | 534 |
7 | 4427 | 4347 | 98% | 604 | 3905 | 3937 | 101% | 529 |
8 | 4446 | 4457 | 100% | 603 | 4060 | 4096 | 101% | 538 |
9 | 4457 | 4731 | 106% | 603 | 4208 | 4078 | 97% | 568 |
10 | 4503 | 4402 | 98% | 603 | 4038 | 3955 | 98% | 554 |
Average | 4484 | 4413 | 98% | 606 | 4127 | 3914 | 95% | 545 |
STDV | 74 | 138 | 5 | 222 | 137 | 23 |
Parameter | Unit | Method #1—Electrolysis | Method #2—Stripping | |
---|---|---|---|---|
OPEX | NaOH | $¢/m3 | 1.00 | 1.05 |
NaCl | $¢/m3 | 0.19 | 0.19 | |
ZnHCF | $¢/m3 | 0.24 | 0.24 | |
Energy | $¢/m3 | 1.53 | 1.45 | |
CAPEX | Columns | $¢/m3 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
ZnHCF | $¢/m3 | 0.19 | 0.19 | |
OPEX | $¢/m3 | 2.96 | 2.94 | |
CAPEX | $¢/m3 | 0.32 | 0.32 | |
Total cost | $¢/m3 | 3.29 | 3.26 |
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Nativ, P.; Derbew, Z.A.; Dagan-Jaldety, C.; Aviezer, Y.; Ben-Asher, R.; Lahav, O. Sustainable Removal of Ammonia from the Anaerobic Digester Supernatant Line Using a Prussian Blue Analogue (PBA) Composite Adsorbent. ChemEngineering 2022, 6, 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6060097
Nativ P, Derbew ZA, Dagan-Jaldety C, Aviezer Y, Ben-Asher R, Lahav O. Sustainable Removal of Ammonia from the Anaerobic Digester Supernatant Line Using a Prussian Blue Analogue (PBA) Composite Adsorbent. ChemEngineering. 2022; 6(6):97. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6060097
Chicago/Turabian StyleNativ, Paz, Zenebu Abera Derbew, Chen Dagan-Jaldety, Yaron Aviezer, Raz Ben-Asher, and Ori Lahav. 2022. "Sustainable Removal of Ammonia from the Anaerobic Digester Supernatant Line Using a Prussian Blue Analogue (PBA) Composite Adsorbent" ChemEngineering 6, no. 6: 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6060097