Journal Description
ChemEngineering
ChemEngineering
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of chemical engineering, published bimonthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Chemical) / CiteScore - Q2 (General Engineering )
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 6.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.8 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.6 (2023)
Latest Articles
Oxalic Acid-Assisted Photo-Fenton Catalysis Using Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Complete Removal of Textile Dye
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(4), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040067 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Textile industry effluents contain several hazardous substances, such as dye-containing effluents, which pose environmental and aesthetic challenges. Presently, the microbial-based remediation process is in use. This study investigated the application of ferrous–ferric oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, a readily formulated nanoadsorbent,
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Textile industry effluents contain several hazardous substances, such as dye-containing effluents, which pose environmental and aesthetic challenges. Presently, the microbial-based remediation process is in use. This study investigated the application of ferrous–ferric oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, a readily formulated nanoadsorbent, to remove scattered dye molecules from industrial effluents. The ferrous–ferric oxide nanoparticles were prepared using a chemical co-precipitation method. The nanoparticles had 26.93 emu g−1 magnetization, with sizes smaller than 20 nm, and possessed a highly purified cubic spinel crystallite structure. The catalytic activity of the iron oxide depended on the dose, photocatalytic enhancer, i.e., H2O2 level, pH of the reaction medium, and dye concentration. We optimized the Fenton-like reaction to work best using 1.0 g/L of ferrous–ferric oxide nanoparticles, 60 mM oxalic acid at pH 7.0, and 60 ppm of dye. Iron oxides act as photocatalysts, and oxalic acid generates electron–hole pairs. Consequently, higher amounts of super-radicals cause the rapid degradation of dye and pseudo-first-order reactions. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed the ferrous–ferric oxide nanoparticles decolorized and destroyed Disperse Red 277 in 180 min under visible light. Hence, complete demineralization is observed using a photo-Fenton-like reaction within 3 h under visible light. These high-capacity, easy-to-separate next-generation adsorption systems are suggested to be suitable for industrial-scale use. Ferrous–ferric oxide nanoparticles with increased adsorption and magnetic properties could be utilized to clean environmental pollution.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Novel Photocatalytic Materials)
Open AccessReview
Supramolecular Sensing Platforms: Techniques for In Vitro Biosensing
by
Hiya Lahiri and Kingshuk Basu
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(4), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040066 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry is a relatively new field of study that utilizes conventional chemical knowledge to produce new edges of smart materials. One such material use of supramolecular chemistry is the development of sensing platforms. Biologically relevant molecules need frequent assessment both qualitatively and
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Supramolecular chemistry is a relatively new field of study that utilizes conventional chemical knowledge to produce new edges of smart materials. One such material use of supramolecular chemistry is the development of sensing platforms. Biologically relevant molecules need frequent assessment both qualitatively and quantitatively to explore several biological processes. In this review, we have discussed supramolecular sensing techniques with key examples of sensing several kinds of bio-analytes and tried to cast light on how molecular design can help in making smart materials. Moreover, how these smart materials have been finally used as sensing platforms has been discussed as well. Several useful spectroscopic, microscopic, visible, and electronic outcomes of sensor materials have been discussed, with a special emphasis on device-based applications. This kind of comprehensive discussion is necessary to widen the scope of sensing technology.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Enhancement in Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer Using Silver Nanofluids: Impact of Citrate, Lipoic Acid, and Silica Coatings
by
Wasurat Bunpheng and Ratchagaraja Dhairiyasamy
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(4), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040065 - 26 Jun 2024
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This study aims to investigate the thermohydraulic performance of silver nanofluids with different surface modifications (citrate, lipoic acid, and silica) in turbulent convective heat transfer applications. Three silver nanofluids were prepared, each modified with citrate, lipoic acid, or silica coatings. The nanofluids were
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This study aims to investigate the thermohydraulic performance of silver nanofluids with different surface modifications (citrate, lipoic acid, and silica) in turbulent convective heat transfer applications. Three silver nanofluids were prepared, each modified with citrate, lipoic acid, or silica coatings. The nanofluids were characterized for stability using zeta potential measurements and evaluated in a smooth brass tube under turbulent flow conditions. The experimental setup involved measuring the temperature, pressure, and flow rate to assess heat transfer coefficients, pressure drops, and friction factors. The results were compared with distilled water as the base fluid and validated against theoretical models. The silica-shelled nanofluid (Ag/S) exhibited a significant 35% increase in the average heat transfer coefficient compared to distilled water, while the citrate-coated (Ag/C) and lipoic acid-coated (Ag/L) nanofluids showed slight decreases of approximately 0.2% and 2%, respectively. The Ag/S nanofluid demonstrated a 9% increase in the mean Nusselt number, indicating enhanced heat transfer capabilities. However, all modified nanofluids experienced higher pressure drops and friction factors than the base fluid, with the Ag/S nanofluid showing the highest increase in viscosity (11.9%). Surface modifications significantly influence the thermohydraulic performance of silver nanofluids. The silica-shelled nanofluid shows the most substantial enhancement in heat transfer, making it a promising candidate for applications requiring efficient thermal management. However, the increased hydraulic costs associated with higher-pressure drops and friction factors must be carefully managed. Further research is needed to optimize these nanofluids for specific industrial applications, considering long-term stability and the effects of different nanoparticle concentrations and geometries.
Full article
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Open AccessReview
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Cannabis sativa: Properties, Synthesis, Mechanistic Aspects, and Applications
by
Fatemeh Ahmadi and Maximilian Lackner
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(4), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040064 - 21 Jun 2024
Abstract
The increasing global focus on green nanotechnology research has spurred the development of environmentally and biologically safe applications for various nanomaterials. Nanotechnology involves crafting diverse nanoparticles in terms of shapes and sizes, with a particular emphasis on environmentally friendly synthesis routes. Among these,
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The increasing global focus on green nanotechnology research has spurred the development of environmentally and biologically safe applications for various nanomaterials. Nanotechnology involves crafting diverse nanoparticles in terms of shapes and sizes, with a particular emphasis on environmentally friendly synthesis routes. Among these, biogenic approaches, including plant-based synthesis, are favored for their safety, simplicity, and sustainability. Silver nanoparticles, in particular, have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional effectiveness, biocompatibility, and eco-friendliness. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) has emerged as a promising candidate for aiding in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Leveraging the phytochemical constituents of Cannabis, researchers have successfully tailored silver nanoparticles for a wide array of applications, spanning from biomedicine to environmental remediation. This review explores the properties, synthesis mechanisms, and applications of silver nanoparticles obtained from Cannabis. Additionally, it delves into the recent advancements in green synthesis techniques and elucidates the optical properties of these nanoparticles. By shedding light on plant-based fabrication methods for silver nanoparticles and their diverse bionanotechnology applications, this review aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge in the field of green nanotechnology. Through a comprehensive examination of the synthesis processes, mechanistic aspects, and potential applications, this review underscores the importance of sustainable approaches in nanoparticle synthesis and highlights the potential of Cannabis-derived silver nanoparticles in addressing various societal and environmental challenges.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Chemical Engineering in Nanoparticles)
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Open AccessArticle
Synthesis of AgCoCuFeNi High Entropy Alloy Nanoparticles by Hydrogen Reduction-Assisted Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis
by
Srecko Stopic, Ayadjenou Humphrey Hounsinou, Tatjana Volkov Husovic, Elif Emil-Kaya and Bernd Friedrich
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030063 - 18 Jun 2024
Abstract
Because of their high mixing entropies, multi-component alloys can exhibit enhanced catalytic activity compared to traditional catalysts in various chemical reactions, including hydrogenation, oxidation, and reduction processes. In this work, new AgCoCuFeNi high entropy alloy nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrogen reduction-assisted ultrasonic
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Because of their high mixing entropies, multi-component alloys can exhibit enhanced catalytic activity compared to traditional catalysts in various chemical reactions, including hydrogenation, oxidation, and reduction processes. In this work, new AgCoCuFeNi high entropy alloy nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrogen reduction-assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. The aim was to investigate the effects of processing parameters (reaction temperature, precursor solution concentration, and residence time) on the microstructure, composition, and crystallinity of the high entropy alloy nanoparticles. The characterization was performed with scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The syntheses performed at 600, 700, 800, and 900 °C, resulted in smaller and smoother spherical particles with a near-equiatomic elemental composition as the temperature increased to 900 °C. With 0.25, 0.1, and 0.05 M precursor solutions, narrower size distribution and uniform AgCoCuFeNi nanoparticles were produced by reducing the solution concentration to 0.05 M. A near-equiatomic elemental composition was only obtained at 0.25 and 0.05 M. Increasing the residence time from 5.3 to 23.8 s resulted in an unclear particle microstructure. None of the five metal elements were formed in the large tubular reactor. X-ray diffraction revealed that various crystal phase structures were obtained in the synthesized AgCoCuFeNi particles.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Intensification for Chemical Engineering and Processing)
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Open AccessArticle
Biogas Cleaning via Vacuum Swing Adsorption Using a Calcium Metal–Organic Framework Adsorbent: A Multiscale Simulation Study
by
Madison Lasich, Victoria T. Adeleke and Kaniki Tumba
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030062 - 14 Jun 2024
Abstract
Purifying biogas can enhance the performance of distributed smart grid systems while potentially yielding clean feedstock for downstream usage such as steam reforming. Recently, a novel anion-pillared metal–organic framework (MOF) was reported in the literature that shows good capacity to separate acetylene from
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Purifying biogas can enhance the performance of distributed smart grid systems while potentially yielding clean feedstock for downstream usage such as steam reforming. Recently, a novel anion-pillared metal–organic framework (MOF) was reported in the literature that shows good capacity to separate acetylene from carbon dioxide. The present study assesses the usefulness of this adsorbent for separating a typical biogas mixture (consisting of methane, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide) using a multiscale approach. This approach couples atomistic Monte Carlo simulations in the grand canonical ensemble with the batch equilibrium modelling of a pressure swing adsorption system. The metal–organic framework displays selectivity at low pressures for carbon dioxide and especially hydrogen sulphide. An analysis of adsorption isotherm models coupled with statistical distributions of surface–gas interaction energies determined that both CH4 and CO2 exhibited Langmuir-type adsorption, while H2S displayed Langmuir-type behaviour at low pressures, with increasing adsorption site heterogeneity at high pressures. Batch equilibrium modelling of a vacuum swing adsorption system to purify a CH4/CO2 feedstock demonstrated that such a system can be incorporated into a solar biogas reforming process since the target purity of 93–94 mol-% methane for incorporation into the process was readily achievable.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green and Sustainable Separation and Purification Technologies)
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Open AccessReview
Synergistic Innovations: Organometallic Frameworks on Graphene Oxide for Sustainable Eco-Energy Solutions
by
Ganeshraja Ayyakannu Sundaram, Ahmed F. M. EL-Mahdy, Phuong V. Pham, Selvaraj Kunjiappan and Alagarsamy Santhana Krishna Kumar
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030061 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Combining organometallic frameworks with graphene oxide presents a fresh strategy to enhance the electrochemical capabilities of supercapacitors, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy solutions. Continued refinement of materials and device design holds promise for broader applications across energy storage and conversion systems.
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Combining organometallic frameworks with graphene oxide presents a fresh strategy to enhance the electrochemical capabilities of supercapacitors, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy solutions. Continued refinement of materials and device design holds promise for broader applications across energy storage and conversion systems. This featured application underscores the inventive utilization of organometallic frameworks on graphene oxide, shedding light on the creation of superior energy storage devices for eco-friendly solutions. This review article delves into the synergistic advancements resulting from the fusion of organometallic frameworks with graphene oxide, offering a thorough exploration of their utility in sustainable eco-energy solutions. This review encompasses various facets, including synthesis methodologies, amplified catalytic performances, and structural elucidations. Through collaborative efforts, notable progressions in photocatalysis, photovoltaics, and energy storage are showcased, illustrating the transformative potential of these hybrids in reshaping solar energy conversion and storage technologies. Moreover, the environmentally conscious features of organometallic–graphene oxide hybrids are underscored through their contributions to environmental remediation, addressing challenges in pollutant elimination, water purification, and air quality enhancement. The intricate structural characteristics of these hybrids are expounded upon to highlight their role in tailoring material properties for specific eco-energy applications. Despite promising advancements, challenges such as scalability and stability are candidly addressed, offering a pragmatic view of the current research landscape. The manuscript concludes by providing insights into prospective research avenues, guiding the scientific community towards surmounting hurdles and fully leveraging the potential of organometallic–graphene oxide hybrids for a sustainable and energy-efficient future.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Green and Environmentally Sustainable Chemical Processes)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Mineral Elements and Annealing on the Physicochemical Properties of Native Potato Starch
by
Johanna A. Thomann, Michael Polhuis, Alessia Lasorsa, Hero J. Heeres and André Heeres
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030060 - 10 Jun 2024
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Native potato starch is an excellent carrier of minerals due to its inherent ion exchange capacity. Mineral enrichment not only changes the nutritional value but also influences starch pasting and swelling properties. Hydrothermal treatments like annealing constitute a straightforward and green way to
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Native potato starch is an excellent carrier of minerals due to its inherent ion exchange capacity. Mineral enrichment not only changes the nutritional value but also influences starch pasting and swelling properties. Hydrothermal treatments like annealing constitute a straightforward and green way to tune functional properties. Here, novel combinations of mineral enrichment and annealing were studied. Ion exchange was readily achieved by suspending starch in a salt solution at room temperature over 3 h and confirmed by ICP-OES. Annealing at 50 °C for 24 h using demineralized water or salt solutions strongly affected pasting, thermal, and swelling properties. The obtained XRD and DSC results support a more ordered structure with relative crystallinity increasing from initially 41.7% to 44.4% and gelatinization onset temperature increasing from 60.39 to 65.94 J/g. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy revealed no detectable changes after annealing. Total digestible starch content decreased after annealing from 8.89 to 7.86 g/100 g. During both ion exchange at room temperature and annealing, monovalent cations promoted swelling and peak viscosity, and divalent cations suppressed peak viscosity through ionic crosslinking. The presented combination allows fine-tuning of pasting behavior, potentially enabling requirements of respective food applications to be met while offering an alternative to chemically modified starches.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Environmental Win–Win Management: Using Aluminum-Based Solid Waste for Synozol Red-KHL Dye Oxidation
by
Manasik M. Nour, Zahraa A. Elsayed and Maha A. Tony
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030059 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The awareness of the concept of the “Circular Economy” is motivating scientists to convert drinking water treatment plant by-products, which are based on aluminum waste, into a valorized material for wastewater treatment. Alum sludge from a local waterworks plant in Egypt was collected
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The awareness of the concept of the “Circular Economy” is motivating scientists to convert drinking water treatment plant by-products, which are based on aluminum waste, into a valorized material for wastewater treatment. Alum sludge from a local waterworks plant in Egypt was collected and dewatered using chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles. The role of the conditioned sludge in wastewater treatment was then examined. Chitosan (Ch) augmented with magnetite nanoparticles (MNs), labeled as ChMNs, was prepared by means of a simple co-precipitation route with mixing ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 of chitosan and magnetite nanoparticles to form the ChMN catalyst. The ChMNs were shown to beneficially enhance alum sludge conditioning and dewaterability. The conditioned and dried aluminum-based sludge (AS) loaded with ChMNs was then used as a source of Fenton’s catalyst for Synozol Red-KHL textile dyeing wastewater. The characteristics of the AS-ChMN sample were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic activity of the AS-ChMN composite was assessed by examining its diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). Response surface methodological analysis was applied to optimize the operational parameters in order to reduce the use of chemicals and improve dye oxidation to form a complete (99%) dye oxidation strategy. The experiments demonstrated that the optimal operating parameters included doses of 1.5 g/L and 420 mg/L for AS-ChMNs and hydrogen peroxide, respectively, as a source of Fenton’s reaction at a working pH of 3.5. Kinetic and thermodynamic analyses for potential full-scale applications were conducted, showing the reaction to be exothermic and spontaneous in nature and following second-order reaction kinetics. Hence, the novelty of this work lies in the introduction of conditioned and dewatered alum sludge waste as a photocatalyst for textile dye effluent oxidation, which could be considered a “win–win” strategy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Engineering in Wastewater Treatment)
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Open AccessArticle
Using Excel Solver’s Parameter Function in Predicting and Interpretation for Kinetic Adsorption Model via Batch Sorption: Selection and Statistical Analysis for Basic Dye Removal onto a Novel Magnetic Nanosorbent
by
Akkharaphong Wongphat, Surachai Wongcharee, Nuttapon Chaiduangsri, Kowit Suwannahong, Torpong Kreetachat, Saksit Imman, Nopparat Suriyachai, Sukanya Hongthong, Panarat Phadee, Preut Thanarat and Javier Rioyo
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030058 - 6 Jun 2024
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Magnetic nanosorbents efficiently capture substances, particularly basic dyes, and can be easily recovered using a magnetic field in water treatment. Adsorption is a cost-effective and highly efficient method for basic dye removal. This study compared eight nonlinear kinetic adsorption models using Microsoft Excel
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Magnetic nanosorbents efficiently capture substances, particularly basic dyes, and can be easily recovered using a magnetic field in water treatment. Adsorption is a cost-effective and highly efficient method for basic dye removal. This study compared eight nonlinear kinetic adsorption models using Microsoft Excel 2023, which provided a detailed analysis and statistical results comparable to advanced programs like MATLAB and OriginPro. The Fractal Like-Pseudo First Order (FL-PFO) model showed the best fit for the kinetic adsorption model, closely predicting experimental data at 33.09 mg g−1. This suggests that the diffusion rate of basic dye within the magnetic nanosorbent pores is a crucial factor. The statistical parameters confirmed the suitability of these kinetic adsorption models for describing the observed behavior. Overall, Microsoft Excel emerged as a reliable tool for predicting adsorption behavior using various kinetic models for basic dye removal, offering a wide range of functions for diverse applications, including environmental monitoring and modeling. Corrected Akaike’s information criterion was used to determine the optimal model. It found the lowest AICcorrected value of about −3.8479 for the FL-PFO kinetic model, while the Elovich kinetic adsorption model had the highest AICcorrected value of 29.6605. This indicates that the FL-PFO kinetic model effectively correlated the kinetic data. It can be concluded that Microsoft Excel’s accessibility, familiarity, and broad range of capabilities make it a valuable resource for many aspects of environmental engineering.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Partial Replacement of Carbon Black with Graphene in Tire Compounds: Transport Properties, Thermal Stability and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
by
Krishna Prasad Rajan, Aravinthan Gopanna, Mohammed Rafic, Rajesh Theravalappil and Selvin P. Thomas
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030057 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
In this study, natural rubber (NR)/polybutadiene rubber (PB) blend-based composites were prepared using graphene as a partial replacement for carbon black (CB) in different parts per hundred rubber (phr) percentages. In a previous study, the vulcanization characteristics, viscoelastic behavior, and static mechanical properties
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In this study, natural rubber (NR)/polybutadiene rubber (PB) blend-based composites were prepared using graphene as a partial replacement for carbon black (CB) in different parts per hundred rubber (phr) percentages. In a previous study, the vulcanization characteristics, viscoelastic behavior, and static mechanical properties were reported, and the compound labeled as compound 2 (with 2.5 phr of graphene and 52.5 phr of carbon black) showed optimum properties. Herein, we report the dynamic mechanical properties and the transport properties of the formulations to establish further characterization of the compounds. Three different organic solvents comprising benzene, toluene, and xylene were employed to analyze the sorption characteristics. The obtained data were also modeled with different theoretical predictions. The dynamic mechanical properties showed that certain compounds can be considered to be green tire formulations, as there were appreciable changes in the tanδ values at different temperatures (−25 °C to 60 °C). The thermogravimetric analysis showed that compound 2, with 2.5 phr of graphene, has a higher t50 value among the studied formulations, which indicates higher thermal stability than the base compound. The partial replacement of 2.5 phr of graphene in place of carbon black (total 55 phr) led to appreciable improvements in terms of thermal stability, transport properties, and dynamic mechanical properties.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering of Carbon-Based Nano/Micromaterials)
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Open AccessFeature PaperReview
An Arsenic Removal Technology and Its Application in Arsenic-Containing Copper
by
Xiaowei Tang and Yuehui He
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030056 - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
The usage of copper (Cu) ores containing low or no arsenic (As) has reduced, and Cu ores containing high levels of As have emerged as vital mineral resources for Cu extraction and processing. The quality of the Cu ores has decreased from 1.6%
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The usage of copper (Cu) ores containing low or no arsenic (As) has reduced, and Cu ores containing high levels of As have emerged as vital mineral resources for Cu extraction and processing. The quality of the Cu ores has decreased from 1.6% to approximately 1.0%. The proportion of As to Cu in 15% of Cu resources currently reaches 1:5. However, during the extraction and processing of Cu ores, As presents significant environmental harm. Hence, safely and effectively removing As is paramount in Cu smelting and processing, holding substantial importance in fostering environmentally sustainable practices within the Cu extraction and processing industry. This article consolidates the resource distribution of As-containing Cu (ACC) ores, comprehensively and systematically evaluates the present advancements in extracting techniques for these minerals, and identifies the challenges inherent in pyrometallurgical and wet processes for treating ACC deposits. Pyrometallurgy is a simple primary roasting technique and has widespread applicability in the treatment of various ACC minerals. Its disadvantages are the emission of exhaust gas and the high treatment costs associated with it. The wet arsenic removal method boasts advantages including minimal air pollution and a high resource recovery rate, significantly aiding in Cu concentrate recovery; its major drawback is the production of As-containing wastewater. The hydrometallurgical removal of As from ACC mines involves extracting As through leaching. Recently, biometallurgy has presented innovative solutions using specialized microorganisms to bioleach or bioabsorb As, but large-scale industrial applications still lack specific practical implementation. This review explores the underlying causes of the challenges encountered in processing ACC minerals. Additionally, it highlights pyrometallurgical roasting coupled with high-temperature filtration as a pivotal advancement in the extraction and processing of ACC ores.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Synergistic Effect of Co and Ni Co-Existence on Catalytic Decomposition of Ammonia to Hydrogen—Effect of Catalytic Support and Mg-Al Oxide Matrix
by
Andrzej Kowalczyk, Małgorzata Rutkowska, Sylwia Gnyla, Michał Pacia and Lucjan Chmielarz
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030055 - 24 May 2024
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Hydrotalcite-derived mixed metal oxides containing Co and Ni and containing these metals supported on MgO and Al2O3 were prepared and tested as catalysts for the decomposition of ammonia to hydrogen and nitrogen. The obtained samples were characterised in terms of
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Hydrotalcite-derived mixed metal oxides containing Co and Ni and containing these metals supported on MgO and Al2O3 were prepared and tested as catalysts for the decomposition of ammonia to hydrogen and nitrogen. The obtained samples were characterised in terms of chemical composition (ICP-OES), structure (XRD), textural parameters (low-temperature N2 adsorption–desorption, SEM), form and aggregation of transition-metal species (UV-Vis DRS), reducibility (H2-TPR) and surface acidity (NH3-TPD). The catalytic efficiency of the tested systems strongly depends on the support used. Generally, the alumina-based catalyst operated at lower temperatures compared to transition metals deposited on MgO. For both series of catalysts, a synergistic effect of the co-existence of cobalt and nickel on the catalytic efficiency was observed. The best catalytic results were obtained for hydrotalcite-derived catalysts; however, in the case of these catalysts, an increase in the Al/Mg ratio resulted in a further increase in catalytic activity in the decomposition of ammonia.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Investigation of Liquid Holdup in a Co-Current Gas–Liquid Upflow Moving Packed Bed Reactor with Porous Catalyst Using Gamma-Ray Densitometry
by
Ali Toukan, Ahmed Jasim, Vineet Alexander, Hamza AlBazzaz and Muthanna Al-Dahhan
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030054 - 23 May 2024
Abstract
This study explores the dynamics of liquid holdup in a lab-scale co-current two-phase upflow moving packed bed reactor, specifically examining how superficial gas velocity influences the line average external liquid holdup at a fixed superficial liquid velocity. Utilizing gamma-ray densitometry (GRD) for precise
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This study explores the dynamics of liquid holdup in a lab-scale co-current two-phase upflow moving packed bed reactor, specifically examining how superficial gas velocity influences the line average external liquid holdup at a fixed superficial liquid velocity. Utilizing gamma-ray densitometry (GRD) for precise measurements, this research extends to determining line average internal porosity within catalyst particles. Conducted with an air–water system within a bed packed with 3 mm porous particles, the study presents a novel methodology using Beer–Lambert’s law to calculate liquid, gas, and solid holdups and catalyst porosity that is equivalent to the internal liquid holdup that fills the catalyst pores. Findings reveal a decrease in liquid holdup corresponding with increased superficial gas velocity across axial and radial locations, with a notable transition from bubbly to pulse flow regime at a critical velocity of 3.8 cm/sec. Additionally, the lower sections of the packed bed exhibited higher external liquid holdup compared to the middle sections at varied gas velocities. The liquid holdup distribution appeared uniform at lower flow rates, whereas higher flow rates favored the middle sections.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrotreating Catalyst Synthesis for Fuel and Chemical Production Processes)
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Open AccessReview
Inkjet Printing with (Semi)conductive Conjugated Polymers: A Review
by
Daniil A. Lukyanov and Oleg V. Levin
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030053 - 8 May 2024
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Functional inkjet printing is an emerging manufacturing technology for the production of various planar elements and electronic devices. This technology offers affordable freeform and highly customizable production of thin film micron-scale elements on various substrates. Functional inkjet printing employs various inks based on
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Functional inkjet printing is an emerging manufacturing technology for the production of various planar elements and electronic devices. This technology offers affordable freeform and highly customizable production of thin film micron-scale elements on various substrates. Functional inkjet printing employs various inks based on organic and inorganic materials with diverse functional properties, and among them, conjugated polymers are of particular interest due to their electrical, photophysical, and electrochemical properties. This paper provides an overview of inkjet printing with conjugated (semi)conductive polymers, including the fundamentals of the technology and its scope, limitations, and main challenges. Specific attention is drawn to the synthesis and chemistry of these polymers in connection with the patterning and functional properties of the inks composed thereof. Practical aspects of this technology are also highlighted, namely the manufacturing capabilities of the technology and particular applications for the fabrication of various electronic elements and devices.
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Open AccessArticle
A Cold Flow Model of Interconnected Slurry Bubble Columns for Sorption-Enhanced Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
by
Wiebke Asbahr, Robin Lamparter and Reinhard Rauch
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030052 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
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For technical application with continuous operation of sorption-enhanced (SE) reactions, e.g., Fischer–Tropsch, a special reactor concept is required. SE processes are promising due to the negative effects of water on conversion and catalyst. The reactor concept of two interconnected slurry bubble columns combines
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For technical application with continuous operation of sorption-enhanced (SE) reactions, e.g., Fischer–Tropsch, a special reactor concept is required. SE processes are promising due to the negative effects of water on conversion and catalyst. The reactor concept of two interconnected slurry bubble columns combines the reaction with in situ water removal in the first, and sorbent regeneration in the second column with continuous exchange of slurry between the two. The liquid circulation rate (LCR) between the columns is studied in a cold flow model, measured by an ultrasonic sensor. The effects of different operating and geometric parameters, e.g., superficial gas velocity, liquid level and tube diameter on gas holdup and LCR are discussed and modelled via artificial intelligence methods, i.e., extremely randomized trees and neural networks. It was found that the LCR strongly depends on the gas holdup. The maximum of 4.28 L min−1 was reached with the highest exit, widest tube and highest superficial gas velocity of 0.15 m s−1. The influence of liquid level above the exit was marginal but water quality has to be considered. Both models offer predictions of the LCR with errors < 6%. With an extension of the models, particle circulation can be studied in the future.
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Open AccessArticle
Study of Microstructure, Texture, and Cooking Qualities of Reformulated Whole Wheat Flour Pasta by Substituting Water with Stearic Acid–Candelilla Wax–Groundnut Oil Oleogel
by
Diksha Chaturvedi, Somali Dhal, Deblu Sahu, Maciej Jarzębski, Arfat Anis, Doman Kim and Kunal Pal
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030051 - 4 May 2024
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Oleogels, which are traditionally utilized to reduce saturated and trans fats in bakery foods, have recently shown promising applications in non-bakery foods, particularly in the enhancement of their food texture and cooking qualities. This study investigates the impact of incorporating stearic acid-containing candelilla
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Oleogels, which are traditionally utilized to reduce saturated and trans fats in bakery foods, have recently shown promising applications in non-bakery foods, particularly in the enhancement of their food texture and cooking qualities. This study investigates the impact of incorporating stearic acid-containing candelilla wax–groundnut oil oleogel in various proportions on the production of whole wheat pasta. Five different pasta samples were prepared by replacing water with oleogels in varying concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15%), and their physicochemical attributes were evaluated using a range of analytical methods for both cooked and uncooked pasta (like microscopy, colorimetry, dimensional analysis, texture, cooking qualities, moisture content, and FTIR). Significant differences in width, thickness, and color properties were observed between the control sample (0% oleogel) and those containing oleogel, with notable variations in surface texture and color intensities, particularly with the higher oleogel content (p < 0.05). Cooked pasta exhibited lower L* values and higher a* values than uncooked pasta. Stereo zoom microscope and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) micrographs demonstrated a change in the pasta surface topology and microstructures. Dark spots on the pasta with greater oleogel concentrations (samples with 10% and 15% oleogel replacement) suggest the formation of starch–lipid complexes. Cooking induced pore formation, which was more pronounced when the oleogel content was increased, impacted the water absorption capacity, swelling index, and moisture content. The cooked samples exhibited higher moisture content and improved polymer network stability compared to the uncooked ones, indicating the potential of oleogel incorporation to modulate pasta properties in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings underscore the versatility of oleogels when their applications are diversified in non-bakery foods to enhance food texture and quality.
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Open AccessArticle
Photocatalytic Degradation of Tartrazine and Naphthol Blue Black Binary Mixture with the TiO2 Nanosphere under Visible Light: Box-Behnken Experimental Design Optimization and Salt Effect
by
Fadimatou Hassan, Bouba Talami, Amira Almansba, Pierre Bonnet, Christophe Caperaa, Sadou Dalhatou, Abdoulaye Kane and Hicham Zeghioud
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030050 - 3 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, TiO2 nanospheres (TiO2-NS) were synthesized by the solvothermal method. Firstly, the synthesized nanomaterial was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). To study the photocatalytic
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In this study, TiO2 nanospheres (TiO2-NS) were synthesized by the solvothermal method. Firstly, the synthesized nanomaterial was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). To study the photocatalytic degradation of Tartrazine (TTZ) and Naphthol Blue Black (NBB) in a binary mixture, the influence of some key parameters such as pH, pollutant concentration and catalyst dose was taken into account under visible and UV light. The results show a 100% degradation efficiency for TTZ after 150 min of UV irradiation and 57% under visible irradiation at 180 min. The kinetic study showed a good pseudo-first-order fit to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. Furthermore, in order to get closer to the real conditions of textile wastewater, the influence of the presence of salt on TiO2-NS’s photocatalytic performance was explored by employing NaCl as an inorganic ion. The optimum conditions provided by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were low concentrations of TTZ (2 ppm) and NBB (2.33 ppm) and negligible salt (NaCl) interference. The percentage of photodegradation was high at low pollutant and NaCl concentrations. However, this yield became very low as NaCl concentrations increased. The photocatalytic treatment leads to 31% and 53% of mineralization yield after 1 and 3 h of visible light irradiation. The synthesis of TiO2-NS provides new insights that will help to develop an efficient photocatalysts for the remediation of contaminated water.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Novel Photocatalytic Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
Mechanical Dewatering of Homogeneous and Segregated Filter Cakes by Vibration Compaction
by
Tolga Yildiz, Una Stankovic, Julius Zolg, Marco Gleiß and Hermann Nirschl
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030049 - 3 May 2024
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The solid volume fraction of a slurry requiring solid–liquid separation often fluctuates in industrial cake filtration processes. For low solid volume fractions, particle segregation arises, resulting in an inhomogeneous filter cake structure. Particle segregation has significant impacts on cake formation such as a
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The solid volume fraction of a slurry requiring solid–liquid separation often fluctuates in industrial cake filtration processes. For low solid volume fractions, particle segregation arises, resulting in an inhomogeneous filter cake structure. Particle segregation has significant impacts on cake formation such as a longer cake formation time compared to homogeneous cakes. This work addresses the impact of this effect on vibration compaction, which is an alternative deliquoring method applying oscillatory shears to the filter cake. The dewatering results of homogeneous and segregated cakes made of the same material with a broad particle size distribution are compared. Although cake deliquoring is achievable despite particle segregation, vibration compaction is more effective for homogeneous cakes. The reason is that no particle size homogenization within segregated cakes occurs due to oscillatory shear, as particle size analyses indicate. The particle size measurements of cakes before and after vibration compaction reveal that the material’s particle size distribution is preserved despite vibration application. Vibration compaction achieves higher deliquoring than the common compaction method by squeezing, as elastic recovery effects after squeezing lead to the reabsorbing of liquid, already expressed and stored in the filter cloth. This demonstrates that vibration compaction is a real alternative for cake deliquoring.
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Open AccessArticle
Resolved Simulation for the Prediction of Classification in Decanter Centrifuges
by
Helene Katharina Baust, Hermann Nirschl and Marco Gleiß
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030048 - 2 May 2024
Abstract
Solid–liquid separation plays a decisive role in various industrial applications particularly in the treatment and purification of suspensions. Solid bowl centrifuges, such as the decanter centrifuge, are commonly employed in these processes as they operate continuously and enable high throughputs with short processing
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Solid–liquid separation plays a decisive role in various industrial applications particularly in the treatment and purification of suspensions. Solid bowl centrifuges, such as the decanter centrifuge, are commonly employed in these processes as they operate continuously and enable high throughputs with short processing times. However, predicting the separation performance of solid bowl centrifuges proves to be challenging due to dynamic phenomena within the apparatus, such as particle settling, sediment build-up, consolidation and sediment transport. In practice, design considerations and the dimensioning of the apparatus rely on analytical models and the manufacturer’s expertise. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) offers a way to deepen our understanding of these devices by allowing detailed examination of flow phenomena and their influence on the separation processes. This study utilizes the open-source software OpenFOAM to simulate multiphase flow in a laboratory-scale decanter centrifuge, solving individual transport equations for each particle size class. The basis is the characterization of the material through targeted laboratory experiments to derive material functions that describe the hindered settling and the sediment consolidation. Furthermore, experiments on a laboratory decanter served as validation. The results demonstrate the solver’s capability to replicate clarification and classification within the apparatus. Furthermore, the solver supports the definition of geometries tailored to specific separation tasks. This research demonstrates the potential of CFD for a better understanding of complex centrifuge processes and for optimizing their design to improve performance.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Intensification for Chemical Engineering and Processing)
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