Hydrogeochemical and Stable Isotope Data of the Groundwater of a Multi-Aquifer System in the Maknessy Basin (Mediterranean Area, Central Tunisia)

The Maknessy plain in central Tunisia is one of the most important agricultural basins in Tunisia. Given the semi-arid climate conditions, the irrigation of cultivated crops relies principally on the abstraction from groundwater resources. The assessment of the quality of the used water for agricultural purposes is crucial for safe production. Thus, the objective of this work is to assess the physicochemical quality of the irrigation water resources in this catchment area using a combined chemical, isotopic, and statistical approach. The waters analyzed are represented by two types of groundwater, mainly calcium hyper chloride and calcium sulfate. A multivariate statistical analysis (PCA and HCA) and a geochemical approach have been applied to study water quality as a function of chemical parameters, showing that the EC and TDS are the parameters influencing water quality. The stable isotopic compositions of the sampled waters range from −7.53 to −4.90% vs. VSMOW and from −53.6 to −32.2% vs. VSMOW for δ¹⁸O and δ²H; they show the exchange between groundwater and rock and the evaporation effect. The isotopic data form three groups such as recent water, paleowater, and mixing water indicate the evaporation effect and interaction of the groundwater, and confirm that this aquifer has been recharged by current rainwater. So, these aquifers were recharged by precipitation derived from a mixture of cloud masses from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The findings of this research are of important relevance for effective water resources management in this agro-based region. Indeed, the increased exploitation of these resources will induce a continuous reduction in the available resources and progressive degradation of the used water quality that may adversely impact the safe agricultural production and the economic resilience of the local population.