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Volume 10
Issue 4
10.3390/hydrology10040079
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Article

Comparison between the Effects of Normal Rain and Acid Rain on Calcareous Stones under Laboratory Simulation

by
Indira Rodríguez
1,*,
Almudena Ortiz
2,
Pablo Caldevilla
2,
Sara Giganto
3,
Gabriel Búrdalo
1 and
María Fernández-Raga
1,*
1
Department of Chemistry and Applied Physics, Universidad de León, c.p. 24071 León, Spain
2
Department of Mining Technology, Topography and Structures, Universidad de León, c.p. 24071 León, Spain
3
Department of Mechanical, Computer and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad de León, c.p. 24071 León, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Hydrology 2023, 10(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10040079
Submission received: 1 March 2023 / Revised: 25 March 2023 / Accepted: 28 March 2023 / Published: 31 March 2023
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Abstract

Acid rain is a problem that despite efforts to reduce atmospheric pollution, continues to impact not only countries where there is a high production of pollutants, but also transboundary areas to which the pollutants are transported. In addition to its effects on human health, there are also the effects on infrastructure and the consequences that this entails. This study on the effect of rain and acid rain on calcareous materials highlights the need for protection of buildings constructed from these materials, many of which are part of the cultural heritage. The effects caused by rain and acid rain were studied using a rain simulator whose features allow the simulation of natural conditions as realistically as possible. In the same way, the effect of a coating synthesized from nanomaterials, which has been shown to serve as protection against the degradation caused by rain, was analyzed. In addition to a long-lasting protection of the stone material, this type of coating avoids the need for the replacement of elements and the recurrent cleaning of degraded parts. It also avoids the accumulation of parts on the ground, the transport of personnel, work materials and raw materials, thereby contributing to the reduction of the carbon footprint and water savings, which in turn reduces the production of pollutants that cause acid rain.
Keywords: rainfall simulator; pollution; acid rain; limestones rainfall simulator; pollution; acid rain; limestones

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rodríguez, I.; Ortiz, A.; Caldevilla, P.; Giganto, S.; Búrdalo, G.; Fernández-Raga, M. Comparison between the Effects of Normal Rain and Acid Rain on Calcareous Stones under Laboratory Simulation. Hydrology 2023, 10, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10040079

AMA Style

Rodríguez I, Ortiz A, Caldevilla P, Giganto S, Búrdalo G, Fernández-Raga M. Comparison between the Effects of Normal Rain and Acid Rain on Calcareous Stones under Laboratory Simulation. Hydrology. 2023; 10(4):79. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10040079

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodríguez, Indira, Almudena Ortiz, Pablo Caldevilla, Sara Giganto, Gabriel Búrdalo, and María Fernández-Raga. 2023. "Comparison between the Effects of Normal Rain and Acid Rain on Calcareous Stones under Laboratory Simulation" Hydrology 10, no. 4: 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10040079

APA Style

Rodríguez, I., Ortiz, A., Caldevilla, P., Giganto, S., Búrdalo, G., & Fernández-Raga, M. (2023). Comparison between the Effects of Normal Rain and Acid Rain on Calcareous Stones under Laboratory Simulation. Hydrology, 10(4), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10040079

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