Enhanced Characterization of Fractured Zones in Bedrock Using Hydraulic Tomography through Joint Inversion of Hydraulic Head and Flux Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthetical Model
2.1.1. Model Setup
2.1.2. Synthetic Injection Tests Used for Inversion and Validation
2.2. Hydraulic Tomography of Synthetic Head and Flux Data
2.2.1. Inverse Modeling Approach
2.2.2. Inverse Model Setup
- Model_V uses only the flux dataset, utilizing data from all 105 flux monitoring points;
- Model_H uses only the water head dataset, incorporating data from 15 monitoring points;
- Model_H-V combines the water head and flux data using the results of Model_V as the prior parameter field and then integrating the water head data for joint inversion.
3. Results
3.1. K Estimates from Flux Data and Model Validation
3.2. K Estimates from the Head Data and Model Validation
3.3. K Estimates from Head–Flux Data and Model Validation
4. Discussion
4.1. Differences between Head Data and Flux Data in K Estimation and Fractured Zones Characterization
4.2. Enhancements in Hydraulic Tomography through Flux Data Integration
4.3. Application Strategy of Head and Flux Data in Fractured Zone Characterization Using Hydraulic Tomography
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test ID | Injection Point | Head Dataset | Flux Dataset | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Injection-1 | Well3-2 | H (m) | Vx | Vy |
Injection-2 | Well1-2 | n = 15 × 3 | n = 105 × 3 | n = 105 × 3 |
Injection-3 | Well5-2 |
Item | Injection Point | Performance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MAE | RMSE | R2 | ||
H Vx Vy | Well2-2 | 12.3 | 13.9 | 0.42892 |
5.25 × 10−6 | 1.72 × 10−5 | 0.68148 | ||
2.89 × 10−6 | 1.52 × 10−5 | 0.41830 | ||
H | Well3-1 | 923 | 12,000 | 0.23953 |
Vx | 1.00 × 10−5 | 2.00 × 10−5 | 0.24664 | |
Vy | 9.05 × 10−6 | 1.82 × 10−5 | 0.42225 | |
H | Well4-3 | 926 | 12,000 | 0.22680 |
Vx | 9.91 × 10−6 | 1.85 × 10−5 | 0.35522 | |
Vy | 8.28 × 10−6 | 1.92 × 10−5 | 0.27644 |
Item | Injection Point | Performance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MAE | RMSE | R2 | ||
H Vx Vy | Well2-2 | 9.28 | 17.8 | 0.38611 |
1.54 × 10−5 | 4.90 × 10−5 | 0.00719 | ||
3.06 × 10−6 | 1.37 × 10−5 | 0.52576 | ||
H | Well3-1 | 901 | 12,100 | 0.03772 |
Vx | 1.10 × 10−5 | 3.11 × 10−5 | 0.00133 | |
Vy | 4.12 × 10−6 | 1.54 × 10−5 | 0.46020 | |
H | Well4-3 | 903 | 12,100 | 0.04587 |
Vx | 1.03 × 10−5 | 2.33 × 10−5 | 0.30368 | |
Vy | 4.24 × 10−6 | 1.85 × 10−5 | 0.23828 |
Item | Injection Point | Performance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MAE | RMSE | R2 | ||
H Vx Vy | Well2-2 | 13.5 | 21.8 | 0.30778 |
9.69 × 10−6 | 4.04 × 10−5 | 0.33187 | ||
3.05 × 10−6 | 2.30 × 10−5 | 0.10038 | ||
H | Well3-1 | 925 | 12,000 | 0.14469 |
Vx | 1.04 × 10−5 | 2.62 × 10−5 | 0.15412 | |
Vy | 6.08 × 10−6 | 2.35 × 10−5 | 0.31949 | |
H | Well4-3 | 926 | 12,000 | 0.18428 |
Vx | 9.74 × 10−6 | 2.38 × 10−5 | 0.23306 | |
Vy | 6.04 × 10−6 | 2.68 × 10−5 | 0.12498 |
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Dong, Y.; Fu, Y.; Wang, L. Enhanced Characterization of Fractured Zones in Bedrock Using Hydraulic Tomography through Joint Inversion of Hydraulic Head and Flux Data. Hydrology 2024, 11, 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11080122
Dong Y, Fu Y, Wang L. Enhanced Characterization of Fractured Zones in Bedrock Using Hydraulic Tomography through Joint Inversion of Hydraulic Head and Flux Data. Hydrology. 2024; 11(8):122. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11080122
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Yanhui, Yunmei Fu, and Liheng Wang. 2024. "Enhanced Characterization of Fractured Zones in Bedrock Using Hydraulic Tomography through Joint Inversion of Hydraulic Head and Flux Data" Hydrology 11, no. 8: 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11080122