An Experimental Investigation of Tsunami Bore Impact on Coastal Structures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Studies
2.1.1. Load Cell Measurements
2.1.2. Image Processing Technique
3. Results and Discussion
Force Measurement
4. Conclusions
- As the reservoir water level increased, the depth-averaged force impact on the structure increased. However, the percentage increase in the depth-averaged hydrodynamic forces was more than the percentage increase in the reservoir water level. Therefore, the force produced by the tsunami bore was not linearly proportional to the size of the bore.
- When the reservoir water level rose, the resultant increase in the maximum depth-averaged force on the structure closer to the gate was found to be higher than the increase in the structures further downstream away from the gate, indicating that for larger tsunamis, the increase in the impact force would be larger for the structures closer to the bore formation than the structures further away from the bore formation.
- The depth-averaged hydrodynamic forces were generally found to be larger at L38, where the bore was fully developed. The minimum depth-averaged hydrodynamic forces were observed at location L100 due to the friction.
- The overall average ratio of the measured maximum depth-averaged hydrodynamic forces to the calculated hydrostatic forces was found to be very similar to the value reported in the literature. Therefore, in line with previous practical studies, this study also showed that in the design of coastal structures or onshore structures, the hydrodynamic forces could be taken as the ratio of the hydrostatic forces, which are easier to evaluate.
- The force intensity was not significantly affected by the location of the structure, but the reservoir water level was again found to play an important role in the intensity.
- In this study, a high volume of hydrodynamic data regarding the bore was obtained, so the data could be used not only for the validation of the numerical model to be developed, but also for the development of empirical equations for further studies.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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H15 | H20 | H25 | |
---|---|---|---|
L14 | 76.58 | 127.07 | 172.52 |
L38 | 54.15 | 64.89 | 158.04 |
L100 | 67.89 | 127.16 | 169.29 |
L14 | L38 | |
---|---|---|
H10 | 19.17 | 40.71 |
H15 | 25.34 | 29.19 |
H20 | 19.13 | 2.14 |
H25 | 20.60 | 34.83 |
Reservoir Water Level | Hydrodynamic Force (N) | Hydrostatic Force (N) | Ratio | Average Ratio | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L14 | L38 | L100 | L14 | L38 | L100 | L14 | L38 | L100 | ||
H10 | 0.6499 | 0.7673 | 0.5453 | 0.087 | 0.057 | 0.050 | 7.47 | 13.55 | 10.83 | 10.62 |
H15 | 1.1476 | 1.1829 | 0.9156 | 0.086 | 0.108 | 0.088 | 13.41 | 10.94 | 10.38 | 11.58 |
H20 | 1.4758 | 1.2653 | 1.2388 | 0.115 | 0.167 | 0.127 | 12.80 | 7.59 | 9.77 | 10.05 |
H25 | 1.7711 | 1.9801 | 1.4686 | 0.119 | 0.168 | 0.109 | 14.83 | 11.79 | 13.50 | 13.38 |
Overall Average Ratio | 11.41 |
L14 | L38 | L100 | |
---|---|---|---|
H15 | 52.29 | 39.86 | 49.39 |
H20 | 89.73 | 82.99 | 103.55 |
H25 | 126.54 | 119.58 | 135.16 |
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Erduran, K.S.; Akansu, Y.E.; Ünal, U.; Adekoya, O.O. An Experimental Investigation of Tsunami Bore Impact on Coastal Structures. Hydrology 2024, 11, 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11090131
Erduran KS, Akansu YE, Ünal U, Adekoya OO. An Experimental Investigation of Tsunami Bore Impact on Coastal Structures. Hydrology. 2024; 11(9):131. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11090131
Chicago/Turabian StyleErduran, Kutsi S., Yahya E. Akansu, Uğur Ünal, and Olusola O. Adekoya. 2024. "An Experimental Investigation of Tsunami Bore Impact on Coastal Structures" Hydrology 11, no. 9: 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11090131