Eye in the Sky: Using UAV Imagery of Seasonal Riverine Canopy Growth to Model Water Temperature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Period
2.2. Riverine Canopy Surveys
2.3. Water Temperature Modeling
3. Results
3.1. Riverine Canopy Surveys
3.2. Water Temperature Modeling
4. Discussion
4.1. UAV Survey Methods
4.2. Riverine Canopy Growth
4.3. Water Temperature Modeling
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Survey | Flight Dates | Canopy Cover (%) | Canopy Cover (m2) |
---|---|---|---|
Survey 1 | 22–23 May 2017 | 38 | 61,668 |
Survey 2 | 19–20 June 2017 | 53 | 87,776 |
Survey 3 | 23–24 July 2017 | 71 | 117,348 |
Survey 4 | 15–16 August 2017 | 74 | 121,583 |
Class Change | Area (m2) | Area (%) |
---|---|---|
Canopy to open channel | 25,989 | 16 |
Open channel to canopy | 3197 | 2 |
No change | 108,352 | 66 |
Area not analyzed | 26,765 | 16 |
Site | River Kilometer | Weekly Growth | Biweekly Growth | Monthly Growth | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(rkm) | Mean Bias | MAE b | RMSE c | Mean Bias | MAE | RMSE | Mean Bias | MAE | RMSE | |
1 a | 3.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
2 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
3 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
4 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
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Willis, A.; Holmes, E. Eye in the Sky: Using UAV Imagery of Seasonal Riverine Canopy Growth to Model Water Temperature. Hydrology 2019, 6, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6010006
Willis A, Holmes E. Eye in the Sky: Using UAV Imagery of Seasonal Riverine Canopy Growth to Model Water Temperature. Hydrology. 2019; 6(1):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleWillis, Ann, and Eric Holmes. 2019. "Eye in the Sky: Using UAV Imagery of Seasonal Riverine Canopy Growth to Model Water Temperature" Hydrology 6, no. 1: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6010006