Effects of Technique Asymmetry on 500 m Speed Skating Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Process
2.4. Data Reduction
2.5. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Basic Performance Data by Gender
3.2. Asymmetry in Joint Angles and COM Shift
3.3. Asymmetry in Speed, Distance, and Time
3.4. Correlation between ASI and Performance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | Technique Parameter | Moment | Right Side | Left Side | p-Value | Cohen’s d | ASI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Hip flexion angle (°) | Landing | 60.5 ± 7.3 | 63.2 ± 9.9 | 0.202 | 0.31 | 12.17 ± 8.95 |
Opposite-side landing | 83.2 ± 7.9 | 84.4 ± 8.0 | 0.325 | 0.14 | 6.43 ± 6.44 | ||
Takeoff | 124.6 ± 10.6 | 126.4 ± 8.3 | 0.276 | 0.19 | 5.89 ± 4.46 | ||
Knee flexion angle (°) | Landing | 103.8 ± 8.8 | 96.2 ± 5.8 | 0.004 | 0.97 | 7.53 ± 6.34 | |
Opposite-side landing | 122.9 ± 4.9 | 124.7 ± 4.7 | 0.184 | 0.35 | 3.59 ± 3.43 | ||
Takeoff | 163.0 ± 5.8 | 160.6 ± 8.6 | 0.185 | 0.31 | 4.02 ± 3.07 | ||
Push-off angle (°) | Opposite-side landing | 42.9 ± 3.2 | 45.9 ± 2.8 | 0.020 | 0.95 | 9.31 ± 5.39 | |
Takeoff | 35.1 ± 2.6 | 37.3 ± 2.8 | 0.010 | 0.76 | 7.45 ± 4.82 | ||
Trunk flexion angle (°) | Landing | 26.1 ± 3.1 | 27.6 ± 3.6 | 0.028 | 0.43 | 7.87 ± 4.72 | |
Takeoff | 31.9 ± 2.9 | 31.6 ± 4.6 | 0.399 | 0.08 | 8.86 ± 5.86 | ||
Female | Hip flexion angle (°) | Landing | 58.4 ± 5.6 | 63.6 ± 6.5 | 0.040 | 0.86 | 12.07 ± 10.15 |
Opposite-side landing | 91.9 ± 10.8 | 97.8 ± 9.6 | 0.066 | 0.58 | 10.66 ± 8.28 | ||
Takeoff | 128.5 ± 7.1 | 130.1 ± 9.5 | 0.278 | 0.19 | 4.74 ± 4.27 | ||
Knee flexion angle (°) | Landing | 98.7 ± 7.4 | 100.2 ± 5.5 | 0.259 | 0.21 | 5.24 ± 4.79 | |
Opposite-side landing | 131.8 ± 10.7 | 134.0 ± 13.5 | 0.320 | 0.17 | 10.08 ± 3.29 | ||
Takeoff | 162.4 ± 3.4 | 155.9 ± 10.5 | 0.032 | 0.80 | 6.03 ± 4.45 | ||
Push-off angle (°) | Opposite-side landing | 45.2 ± 3.1 | 46.0 ± 4.1 | 0.307 | 0.20 | 7.17 ± 6.48 | |
Takeoff | 36.4 ± 2.5 | 36.4 ± 4.2 | 0.482 | 0.02 | 10.84 ± 6.14 | ||
Trunk flexion angle (°) | Landing | 28.9 ± 3.1 | 26.8 ± 4.0 | 0.009 | 0.57 | 9.81 ± 7.52 | |
Takeoff | 29.7 ± 2.9 | 31.7 ± 4.5 | 0.048 | 0.52 | 10.05 ± 8.13 |
Gender | Technique Parameter | Stage | Right Side | Left Side | p-Value | Cohen’s d | ASI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Hip flexion–extension motion (°) | Gliding | 27.3 ± 5.0 | 27.5 ± 10.4 | 0.472 | 0.03 | 31.45 ± 22.14 |
Push-off | 41.3 ± 9.5 | 42.0 ± 9.3 | 0.417 | 0.07 | 19.59 ± 11.37 | ||
Knee flexion–extension motion (°) | Gliding | 31.7 ± 6.0 | 32.5 ± 8.8 | 0.398 | 0.10 | 23.30 ± 16.24 | |
Push-off | 40.4 ± 8.2 | 36.0 ± 8.6 | 0.089 | 0.50 | 22.75 ± 18.16 | ||
Push-off motion (°) | Push-off | 7.8 ± 4.9 | 8.6 ± 3.8 | 0.272 | 0.17 | 71.36 ± 105.33 | |
Trunk flexion–extension motion (°) | Gliding | 8.7 ± 1.2 | 8.8 ± 2.7 | 0.458 | 0.04 | 22.77 ± 16.19 | |
Push-off | 4.6 ± 2.0 | 5.9 ± 3.4 | 0.165 | 0.46 | 53.80 ± 32.89 | ||
Female | Hip flexion–extension motion (°) | Gliding | 29.8 ± 11.7 | 37.3 ± 12.2 | 0.118 | 0.62 | 42.93 ± 40.33 |
Push-off | 36.7 ± 9.2 | 32.7 ± 12.7 | 0.116 | 0.36 | 24.05 ± 31.13 | ||
Knee flexion–extension motion (°) | Gliding | 34.8 ± 16.2 | 37.8 ± 12.3 | 0.325 | 0.20 | 52.62 ± 30.09 | |
Push-off | 30.8 ± 10.5 | 25.4 ± 11.0 | 0.045 | 0.47 | 33.21 ± 23.95 | ||
Push-off motion (°) | Push-off | 8.8 ± 3.6 | 9.6 ± 3.2 | 0.284 | 0.23 | 40.45 ± 28.35 | |
Trunk flexion–extension motion (°) | Gliding | 7.7 ± 2.7 | 6.7 ± 1.8 | 0.102 | 0.39 | 29.60 ± 22.80 | |
Push-off | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 3.7 ± 2.4 | 0.235 | 0.26 | 44.43 ± 27.46 |
Gender | Stage | COM Movement (m) | Right Side | Left Side | p-Value | Cohen’s d | ASI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Gliding | Track length | 4.923 ± 0.559 | 5.074 ± 0.325 | 0.140 | 0.33 | 7.85 ± 3.94 |
Forward and backward | 4.817 ± 0.529 | 5.009 ± 0.335 | 0.067 | 0.43 | 7.54 ± 3.45 | ||
Left and right | 0.181 ± 0.070 | 0.424 ± 0.081 | <0.001 | 3.23 | 83.20 ± 35.91 | ||
Up and down | 0.018 ± 0.012 | 0.017 ± 0.013 | 0.456 | 0.06 | 90.46 ± 63.20 | ||
Push-off | Track length | 1.509 ± 0.254 | 1.494 ± 0.351 | 0.452 | 0.05 | 20.85 ± 15.29 | |
Forward and backward | 1.500 ± 0.250 | 1.427 ± 0.387 | 0.298 | 0.23 | 24.35 ± 20.71 | ||
Left and right | 0.147 ± 0.068 | 0.026 ± 0.020 | <0.001 | 2.42 | 133.46 ± 57.20 | ||
Up and down | 0.009 ± 0.006 | 0.009 ± 0.007 | 0.437 | 0.07 | 72.98 ± 67.53 | ||
Female | Gliding | Track length | 4.435 ± 0.601 | 4.441 ± 0.392 | 0.488 | 0.01 | 12.21 ± 8.07 |
Forward and backward | 4.403 ± 0.578 | 4.380 ± 0.393 | 0.462 | 0.04 | 13.2 ± 38.90 | ||
Left and right | 0.128 ± 0.068 | 0.368 ± 0.083 | <0.001 | 3.01 | 100.77 ± 39.96 | ||
Up and down | 0.022 ± 0.014 | 0.019 ± 0.015 | 0.344 | 0.17 | 80.53 ± 60.65 | ||
Push-off | Track length | 1.177 ± 0.297 | 1.135 ± 0.153 | 0.326 | 0.18 | 19.36 ± 18.10 | |
Forward and backward | 1.168 ± 0.280 | 1.115 ± 0.137 | 0.293 | 0.23 | 20.37 ± 18.10 | ||
Left and right | 0.122 ± 0.042 | 0.025 ± 0.015 | <0.001 | 2.93 | 123.34 ± 57.35 | ||
Up and down | 0.009 ± 0.007 | 0.010 ± 0.008 | 0.381 | 0.16 | 91.03 ± 64.52 |
Gender | Technique Parameter | Right Side | Left Side | p-Value | Cohen’s d | ASI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Gliding speed (m/s) | 13.39 ± 0.42 | 13.29 ± 0.42 | 0.329 | 0.22 | 3.62 ± 3.00 |
Push-off speed (m/s) | 13.85 ± 0.30 | 12.64 ± 1.71 | 0.029 | 0.99 | 10.35 ± 14.73 | |
Gliding distance (m) | 4.82 ± 0.50 | 5.01 ± 0.34 | 0.067 | 0.43 | 7.54 ± 3.45 | |
Push-off distance (m) | 1.50 ± 0.24 | 1.43 ± 0.39 | 0.298 | 0.23 | 24.36 ± 20.71 | |
Gliding time (s) | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.38 ± 0.21 | 0.048 | 0.53 | 7.40 ± 5.19 | |
Push-off time (s) | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.343 | 0.16 | 18.37 ± 13.93 | |
Female | Gliding speed (m/s) | 12.52 ± 0.39 | 12.28 ± 0.37 | 0.137 | 0.63 | 4.50 ± 3.01 |
Push-off speed (m/s) | 12.74 ± 0.60 | 12.46 ± 0.95 | 0.196 | 0.35 | 5.21 ± 7.10 | |
Gliding distance (m) | 4.40 ± 0.61 | 4.38 ± 0.41 | 0.462 | 0.04 | 13.23 ± 8.90 | |
Push-off distance (m) | 1.17 ± 0.30 | 1.12 ± 0.15 | 0.293 | 0.23 | 20.37 ± 18.10 | |
Gliding time (s) | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.377 | 0.12 | 10.81 ± 8.81 | |
Push-off time (s) | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.406 | 0.09 | 17.79 ± 18.37 |
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Liu, Z.; Ding, M.; Zhang, M.; Yu, B.; Liu, H. Effects of Technique Asymmetry on 500 m Speed Skating Performance. Bioengineering 2024, 11, 899. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090899
Liu Z, Ding M, Zhang M, Yu B, Liu H. Effects of Technique Asymmetry on 500 m Speed Skating Performance. Bioengineering. 2024; 11(9):899. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090899
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Zimeng, Meilin Ding, Masen Zhang, Bing Yu, and Hui Liu. 2024. "Effects of Technique Asymmetry on 500 m Speed Skating Performance" Bioengineering 11, no. 9: 899. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090899