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Bioengineering
Volume 12
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10.3390/bioengineering12050445
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Article

An Improved Cole–Cole Model for Characterizing In Vivo Dielectric Properties of Lung Tissue at Different Tide Volumes: An Animal Study

by
Yangchun Qin
1,†,
Liang Zhang
2,†,
Tixin Han
1,
Yifan Liu
1,
Xuechao Liu
1,
Feng Fu
1,
Hang Wang
3,
Shuoyao Qu
4,5,
Zhanqi Zhao
6,7,
Lin Yang
3,* and
Meng Dai
1,5,*
1
Department of Military Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
2
Basic Medical Science Academy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
3
Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
4
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
5
Innovation Research Institution, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
6
School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
7
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Bioengineering 2025, 12(5), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12050445
Submission received: 10 March 2025 / Revised: 18 April 2025 / Accepted: 22 April 2025 / Published: 24 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)
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Abstract

Objective: The air content within the lungs directly influences the dielectric properties of lung tissue; however, previous studies were conducted under ex vivo conditions and without quantitatively controlling air volume. This study aims to develop an improved model using in vivo measurements to accurately characterize the dielectric properties of rabbit lung tissue across various tidal volumes. Methods: In this study, six sets of different tidal volumes (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 mL) were set in the frequency band of 100 MHz~1 GHz to analyze the trend of the dielectric properties, and the dielectric parameters were systematically constructed under the conditions of different tidal volumes. Results: It was found that the conductivity and permittivity of rabbit lung tissue showed a decreasing trend with increasing tidal volume in the measuring frequency band. The traditional Cole–Cole model has limitations in simulating the dielectric properties of in vivo lung tissues. Therefore, by refining and optimizing the model, this study successfully reduced the average error between the measured data and the model fitting to less than 5%. Conclusions: This study lays the groundwork for investigating the relationship between total air volume within the lungs and their dielectric properties in vivo.
Keywords: Cole–Cole model; an improved model; in vivo; dielectric properties of lung tissue; open-ended coaxial probe Cole–Cole model; an improved model; in vivo; dielectric properties of lung tissue; open-ended coaxial probe

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Qin, Y.; Zhang, L.; Han, T.; Liu, Y.; Liu, X.; Fu, F.; Wang, H.; Qu, S.; Zhao, Z.; Yang, L.; et al. An Improved Cole–Cole Model for Characterizing In Vivo Dielectric Properties of Lung Tissue at Different Tide Volumes: An Animal Study. Bioengineering 2025, 12, 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12050445

AMA Style

Qin Y, Zhang L, Han T, Liu Y, Liu X, Fu F, Wang H, Qu S, Zhao Z, Yang L, et al. An Improved Cole–Cole Model for Characterizing In Vivo Dielectric Properties of Lung Tissue at Different Tide Volumes: An Animal Study. Bioengineering. 2025; 12(5):445. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12050445

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qin, Yangchun, Liang Zhang, Tixin Han, Yifan Liu, Xuechao Liu, Feng Fu, Hang Wang, Shuoyao Qu, Zhanqi Zhao, Lin Yang, and et al. 2025. "An Improved Cole–Cole Model for Characterizing In Vivo Dielectric Properties of Lung Tissue at Different Tide Volumes: An Animal Study" Bioengineering 12, no. 5: 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12050445

APA Style

Qin, Y., Zhang, L., Han, T., Liu, Y., Liu, X., Fu, F., Wang, H., Qu, S., Zhao, Z., Yang, L., & Dai, M. (2025). An Improved Cole–Cole Model for Characterizing In Vivo Dielectric Properties of Lung Tissue at Different Tide Volumes: An Animal Study. Bioengineering, 12(5), 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12050445

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