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Article

The Effect of Arch Stiffness on the Foot–Ankle Temporal Kinematics during Gait Termination: A Statistical Nonparametric Mapping Study

by
Xuanzhen Cen
1,2,3,
Peimin Yu
1,4,
Yang Song
1,2,3,
József Sárosi
3,
Zhuqing Mao
1,*,
István Bíró
3 and
Yaodong Gu
1,*
1
Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
2
Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary
3
Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary
4
Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Bioengineering 2022, 9(11), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9110703
Submission received: 22 October 2022 / Revised: 8 November 2022 / Accepted: 14 November 2022 / Published: 17 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)
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Abstract

This study compares foot–ankle temporal kinematics characteristics during planned and unplanned gait termination (PGT and UGT) in subjects with different arch stiffnesses (ASs) based on the statistical nonparametric mapping (SnPM) method. By measuring three-dimensional arch morphological parameters under different loading conditions, 28 healthy male subjects were classified and participated in gait termination (GT) tests to collect metatarsophalangeal (MTP) and ankle-joint kinematics data. The two-way repeated-measures ANOVA using SnPM was employed to assess the impacts of AS on foot–ankle kinematics during PGT and UGT. Our results show that joint angles (MTP and ankle joints) were altered owing to AS and GT factors. The flexible arches hahadve periods of significantly greater MTP and ankle joint angles than those of stiff arches during the stance phase of GT, whereas subjects exhibited significantly smaller ankle and MTP joint angles during UGT. These results add additional insights into the morphological arch biomechanical function, and the comprehensive compensatory adjustment of lower-limb joints during gait stopping caused by unplanned stimulation.
Keywords: arch stiffness; gait termination; joint kinematics; metatarsophalangeal; SnPM arch stiffness; gait termination; joint kinematics; metatarsophalangeal; SnPM

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cen, X.; Yu, P.; Song, Y.; Sárosi, J.; Mao, Z.; Bíró, I.; Gu, Y. The Effect of Arch Stiffness on the Foot–Ankle Temporal Kinematics during Gait Termination: A Statistical Nonparametric Mapping Study. Bioengineering 2022, 9, 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9110703

AMA Style

Cen X, Yu P, Song Y, Sárosi J, Mao Z, Bíró I, Gu Y. The Effect of Arch Stiffness on the Foot–Ankle Temporal Kinematics during Gait Termination: A Statistical Nonparametric Mapping Study. Bioengineering. 2022; 9(11):703. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9110703

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cen, Xuanzhen, Peimin Yu, Yang Song, József Sárosi, Zhuqing Mao, István Bíró, and Yaodong Gu. 2022. "The Effect of Arch Stiffness on the Foot–Ankle Temporal Kinematics during Gait Termination: A Statistical Nonparametric Mapping Study" Bioengineering 9, no. 11: 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9110703

APA Style

Cen, X., Yu, P., Song, Y., Sárosi, J., Mao, Z., Bíró, I., & Gu, Y. (2022). The Effect of Arch Stiffness on the Foot–Ankle Temporal Kinematics during Gait Termination: A Statistical Nonparametric Mapping Study. Bioengineering, 9(11), 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9110703

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