Electrocardiographic Pathological Findings Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection: Evidence from a Retrospective Multicenter International Cohort Longitudinal Pilot Study of 548 Subjects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. ECG Analysis and Definitions
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Characteristics and Comparisons
3.2. Survival Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ECG | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Normal | Abnormal | p Value | |
N = 548 | N = 510 | N = 38 | ||
Outcome | ||||
Alive | 508 (92.7%) | 484 (94.9%) | 24 (63.2%) | <0.001 *** |
Dead | 40 (7.3%) | 26 (5.1%) | 14 (36.8%) | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 221 (40.3%) | 205 (40.2%) | 16 (42.1%) | 0.817 ** |
Female | 327 (59.7%) | 305 (59.8%) | 22 (57.9%) | |
Hypertension | ||||
Absent | 459 (83.8%) | 430 (84.3%) | 29 (76.3%) | 0.197 ** |
Present | 89 (16.2%) | 80 (15.7%) | 9 (23.7%) | |
Obesity | ||||
Absent | 476 (86.9%) | 445 (87.3%) | 31 (81.6%) | 0.318 ** |
Present | 72 (13.1%) | 65 (12.7%) | 7 (18.4%) | |
Respiratory failure during hospitalization | ||||
Absent | 460 (83.9%) | 432 (84.7%) | 28 (73.7%) | 0.074 ** |
Present | 88 (16.1%) | 78 (15.3%) | 10 (26.3%) | |
Heart failure during hospitalization | ||||
Absent | 441 (80.5%) | 419 (82.2%) | 22 (57.9%) | <0.001 ** |
Present | 107 (19.5%) | 91 (17.8%) | 16 (42.1%) | |
Anemia | ||||
Absent | 480 (94.1%) | 445 (93.9%) | 35 (97.2%) | 0.412 *** |
Present | 30 (5.9%) | 29 (6.1%) | 1 (2.8%) | |
Anticoagulant therapy | ||||
Absent | 351 (73.6%) | 328 (74.2%) | 23 (65.7%) | 0.273 ** |
Present | 126 (26.4%) | 114 (25.8%) | 12 (34.3%) | |
Anticoagulant profilaxis | ||||
Absent | 147 (33.6%) | 134 (33.1%) | 13 (39.4%) | 0.461 ** |
Present | 291 (66.4%) | 271 (66.9%) | 20 (60.6%) | |
Age (years) | 61.8 ± 16.9 | 61.5 ± 16.7 | 66.2 ± 18.1 | 0.099 * |
Survival Time | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ECG Rhythm | Time at Risk | Incidence Rate | N. of Subjects | 25% | 50% | 75% |
Normal | 8605 | 0.0029053 | 426 | 58 | NA | NA |
Abnormal | 566 | 0.024735 | 28 | 11 | 21 | NA |
Total | 9171 | 0.0042525 | 454 | 58 | NA | NA |
Cox Model for Overall Survival | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | |||
HR (95%CI) | p Value | HR (95%CI) | p Value | |
ECG (Ab vs. N) | 8.92 (4.60−17.26) | <0.001 | 7.20 (3.63−14.28) | <0.001 |
Sex (M vs. F) | 0.74 (0.39−1.39) | 0.357 | 0.67 (0.33−1.33) | 0.255 |
Age | 1.03 (1.01−1.05) | 0.003 | 1.00 (0.98−1.03) | 0.518 |
Diabetes (Yes vs. No) | 1.48 (0.72−3.02) | 0.277 | - | - |
Obesity (Yes vs. No) | 1.61 (0.73−3.52) | 0.230 | - | - |
Respiratory failure during hospitalization (Yes vs. No) | 2.44 (1.27−4.72) | 0.007 | 1.25 (0.60−2.59) | 0.534 |
Heart failure during hospitalization (Yes vs. No) | 3.98 (2.10−7.53) | <0.001 | 2.74 (1.33−5.72) | 0.006 |
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Susca, N.; Solimando, A.G.; Borrelli, P.; Marziliano, D.; Monitillo, F.; Raimondo, P.; Vestito, D.; Lopizzo, A.; Brindicci, G.; Abumayyaleh, M.; et al. Electrocardiographic Pathological Findings Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection: Evidence from a Retrospective Multicenter International Cohort Longitudinal Pilot Study of 548 Subjects. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10, 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10020058
Susca N, Solimando AG, Borrelli P, Marziliano D, Monitillo F, Raimondo P, Vestito D, Lopizzo A, Brindicci G, Abumayyaleh M, et al. Electrocardiographic Pathological Findings Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection: Evidence from a Retrospective Multicenter International Cohort Longitudinal Pilot Study of 548 Subjects. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2023; 10(2):58. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10020058
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusca, Nicola, Antonio Giovanni Solimando, Paola Borrelli, Donatello Marziliano, Francesco Monitillo, Pasquale Raimondo, Domenico Vestito, Agostino Lopizzo, Gaetano Brindicci, Mohammad Abumayyaleh, and et al. 2023. "Electrocardiographic Pathological Findings Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection: Evidence from a Retrospective Multicenter International Cohort Longitudinal Pilot Study of 548 Subjects" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 10, no. 2: 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10020058